Ecological Archives A020-022-A1

Paul J. Richardson, Jeremy T. Lundholm, and Douglas W. Larson. 2010. Natural analogues of degraded ecosystems enhance conservation and reconstruction in extreme environments. Ecological Applications 20:728–740.

Appendix A. A table showing properties of seeds added to quarry floors and a table showing multiple comparisons among seeded alvar species with respect to frequency of establishment and density where established.

TABLE A1. Properties of seeds added to quarry floors.

Species^†	Seed mix	Mass (g) of seeds/plot added	Mass (g) of 100 seeds	Germination efficiency (%)^‡
Species^†	Seed mix	Mass (g) of seeds/plot added	Mass (g) of 100 seeds	Germination efficiency (%)^‡
Aquilegia canadensis	Alvar	0.117	0.117	39
Asclepias syriaca	Alvar	0.657	0.685	68
Bromus kalmii	Alvar	0.552	0.345	0
Campanula rotundifolia	Alvar	0.002	0.005	N/A
Castilleja coccinea	Alvar	0.094	0.008	7
Coreopsis lanceolata	Alvar	0.152	0.140	11
Elymus trachycaulus	Alvar	0.262	0.396	63
Fragaria virginiana	Alvar	0.045	0.052	57
Geum triflorum	Alvar	0.126	0.120	42
Hedyotis longifolia	Alvar	0.006	0.008	0
Iris lacustris	Alvar	0.023	0.467	N/A
Liatris cylindracea	Alvar	0.116	0.332	79
Penstemon hirsutus	Alvar	0.211	0.008	80
Potentilla arguta	Alvar	0.155	0.017	39
Rosa blanda	Alvar	0.303	0.818	0
Schizachyrium scoparium	Alvar	0.245	0.153	21
Solidago ptarmicoides	Alvar	0.188	0.036	37
Sporobolus heterolepis	Alvar	0.129	0.136	62
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum	Weed	0.150	0.080	58
Daucus carota	Weed	0.026	0.035	35
Plantago lanceolata	Weed	1.318	0.194	61
Potentilla recta	Weed	0.064	0.033	59
Sedum acre	Weed	0.030	0.004	N/A

† Nomenclature follows Newmaster et al. 1998.

‡ Germination rates tested for most species by assessing radical emmergence over 30 days for 100 seeds per species, kept on moist Whatman paper in petrie dishes under greenhouse conditions (following appropriate stratification treatments where required).

TABLE A2. Multiple comparisons among seeded alvar species with respect to frequency of establishment and density where established.

Species		Frequency^†		Density^‡
Species	Type	Mean ± SE	Contrasts§	Mean ± SE	Contrasts^§
Aquilegia canadensis	Alvar	0.56±0.08	a,b,g	0.97±0.09	a,g
Asclepias syriaca	Alvar	0.76±0.08	a,g	1.48±0.08	b,e
Bromus kalmii	Alvar	0.93±0.08	a,c	2.54±0.07	c
Campanula rotundifolia	Alvar	0.16±0.08	b,d,e	0.8±0.2	a, g
Coreopsis lanceolata	Alvar	0.48±0.08	c,f	1.2±0.1	a,b,g
Elymus trachycaulus	Alvar	0.75±0.08	a,b,c	1.31±0.08	a,b,g,h
Fragaria virginiana	Alvar	0.59±0.08	d,h,i	1.35±0.09	a,b,g,h
Geum triflorum	Alvar	0.07±0.08	e,f	0.7±0.3	a,b,g
Liatris cylindracea	Alvar	0.32±0.08	b,d,f,h	1.0±0.1	a,g
Penstemon hirsutus	Alvar	0.39±0.08	b,d,f,g	1.3±0.1	a,b,g,i
Potentilla arguta	Alvar	0.56±0.08	a,b,c,d	1.38±0.09	a,b,g
Rosa blanda	Alvar	0.52±0.08	a,b,c,d	0.93±0.09	a,b,g,h
Schizachyrium scoparium	Alvar	0.68±0.08	a,c,g,h	2.16±0.08	a,b,g,h
Solidago ptarmicoides	Alvar	0.63±0.08	a,c,g,h	1.79±0.09	a,b,g
Sporobolus heterolepis	Alvar	0.44±0.08	b,d,e,f,g	0.9±0.1	a,g
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum	Weed	0.39±0.08	b,d,e,f,g	1.2±0.2	a,b,g,i
Daucus carota	Weed	0.92±0.08	a,i	2.7±0.1	a,b,f,g,i
Plantago lanceolata	Weed	0.75±0.08	a,c,g,h	1.8±0.1	a,h,i
Potentilla recta	Weed	0.38±0.08	b,d,e,f,g,	1.2±0.2	d

† Frequency of establishment calculated for each species at each as the number of plots where establishment occurred divided by the number of plots seeded (values shown represent means and standard errors for 4 replicates per species (i.e., 1 per site)).

‡ Density where established was calculated for each species as the average number of individuals per plot when only plots exhibiting establishment by the focal species were considered (N = 13–170 plots per species across all sites, depending on species).

§ Contrasts were performed in ANOVA using the Tukey-Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons; species sharing letters are not significantly different from each other.

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