Appendix A. Species abbreviations, life history traits, lower limiting temperatures at range boundaries (TRB), and primary physiological parameters for North American passerines. Physiological parameters were measured under winter conditions at night, and include body mass in g (M), basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermal conductance (COND), and lower critical temperature in °C (TLC).
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Species
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Code | Migration† | Diet‡ | TRB§ | M | BMR|| | COND¶ | TLC | Study Site†† | Reference |
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American
Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis)
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AMGO | M | N | -23.3 | 14.5 | 67.4 | 2.32 | 19.5 | MI | Dawson and Carey 1976 |
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American
Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea)
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ATSP | M | N | -23.3 | 19.2 | 62.8 | --- | --- | SD | Swanson 1993 |
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Black-and-white
Warbler (Mniotilta varia)
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BAWW | M | I | -1.1 | 8.2 | 22.6 | 0.97 | 29.6 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Black-capped
Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
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BCCH | R | N | -32.5* | 13.1 | 79.7 | 1.85 | 14.4 | AK | Grossman and West 1977 |
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Chipping
Sparrow (Spizella passerina)
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CHSP | M | N | -15 | 11.9 | 34.5 | 1.67 | 25.9 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Common Redpoll
( Carduelis flammea)
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CORE | I | N | -32.5* | 15.6 | 73.6 | 1.83 | 11.3 | AK | Pohl and West 1973 |
| 14.7 | 62 | 2.07 | 15 | Nor. | Reinertsen and Haftorn 1986 | |||||
| 11.3 | 50.5 | 2.17 | 10 | Nor. | Steen 1958 | |||||
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Common Yellowthroat
(Geothlypis trichas)
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COYE | M | I | -6.7 | 10.6 | 30.9 | 0.93 | 32 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Dark-eyed
Junco (Junco hyemalis hyemalis)
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SCJU | M | N | -22.8* | 21 | 65.5 | --- | --- | SD | Swanson 1993 |
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Dark-eyed
Junco (Junco hyemalis oreganus)
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ORJU | M | N | -20.6 | 19.4 | 61.2 | 2.16 | 25.8 | OR | Swanson 1991 |
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Eastern Phoebe
(Sayornis phoebe)
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EAPH | M | I | -3.9 | 21.6 | 61.6 | 2.57 | 26.2 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Evening Grosbeak
(Hesperiphona vespertina)
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EVGR | I | N | -32.5* | 55.1 | 138.3 | 5.51 | 16 | MI | Dawson and Tordoff 1959 |
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Fox Sparrow
(Passerella iliaca)
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FOSP | M | N | -15 | 30.7 | 66.9 | 2.11 | 19 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Grasshopper
Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum)
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GRSP | M | N | -6.7 | 13.8 | 31.9 | 1.99 | 25 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Harris’ Sparrow
(Zonotrichia querula)
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HASP | M | N | -15 | 33.3 | 80.6 | 3.07 | 20 | KS | Yarbrough 1971 |
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House Finch
(Carpodacus mexicanus)
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HOFI | R | N | -17.8 | 22.6 | 72.6 | 3.6 | 17.8 | MI | Root et al. 1991 |
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House Sparrow
(Passer domesticus)
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HOSP | R | N | -32.5* | 27.3 | 74 | 3.28 | 11.5 | Nor. | Steen 1958 |
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Northern
Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)
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CARD | R | N | -20.6 | 43.8g | 132.4 | 4.53 | 10 | MI | Root 1990 |
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Orange-crowned
Warbler (Vermivora celata)
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OCWA | M | I | -12.2 | 9.3 | 26.6 | 1.15 | 25 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Palm Warbler
(Dendroica palmarum)
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PAWA | M | I | 1.7 | 9.8 | 27.9 | 1.16 | 25.5 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Pine Siskin
(Carduelis pinus)
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PISI | I | N | -28.9 | 13.8 | 62.4 | 2.62 | 15.5 | MI | Dawson and Carey 1976 |
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Pine Warbler
(Dendroica pinus)
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PIWA | M | I | -3.9 | 12 | 32.4 | 1.73 | 23.9 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Red Crossbill
(Loxia curvirostra)
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RECR | I | N | -28.9 | 29.4 | 91.1 | 3.53 | 15 | MI | Dawson and Tordoff 1964 |
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Savannah
Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)
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SVSP | M | N | -9.4 | 15.9 | 40.2 | 1.94 | 21 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Song Sparrow
(Melospiza melodia)
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SOSP | M | N | -23.3 | 19.1 | 45.5 | 2.46 | 23 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Swamp Sparrow
(Melospiza georgiana)
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SWSP | M | N | -9.4 | 14.9 | 38.1 | 2.07 | 25 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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Vesper Sparrow
(Pooecetes gramineus)
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VESP | M | N | -12.2 | 21.5 | 49 | 2.37 | 22.9 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
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White-crowned
Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
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WCSP | M | N | -15 | 28.6 | 68.7 | 3.58 | 22.7 | WA | King 1964 |
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White-winged
Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera)
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WWCR | I | N | -28.9 | 29.8 | 83.4 | 3.28 | 14 | MI | Dawson and Tordoff 1964 |
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Yellow-rumped
Warbler (Dendroica coronata)
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YRWA | M | N | -9.4 | 11.5 | 33.8 | 1.76 | 23 | FL | Yarbrough 1971 |
† Migratory Status: R = Resident; I = Irruptive; M = Partial or Complete Migrant.
‡ Diet: I = Insectivorous; N = Non-insectivorous or partially insectivorous.
§ January mean minimum temperature (°C) at range boundary (the coldest CBC site in Table 1 that was occupied by the species in at least half of the years in which counts were conducted).
|| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is given in mL O2/h.
¶ Thermal conductance (COND) is given in mL O2· h-1·°C-1.
†† Study sites from which experimental birds were obtained include Alaska (AK), Florida (FL), Kansas (KS), Michigan (MI), Oregon (OR), South Dakota (SD), Washington (WA), and Norway (Nor.).
‡‡ Body mass not given by Root (1990). Number based on Amadon (1943).
Literature cited
Amadon, D. 1943. Bird weights and egg weights. Auk 60:221--234.
Dawson, W. R., and C. Carey. 1976. Seasonal acclimatization to temperature in cardueline finches. Journal of Comparative Physiology 112:317--333.
Dawson, W. R., and H. B. Tordoff. 1959. Relation of oxygen consumption to temperature in the Evening Grosbeak. Condor 61:388--396.
Dawson, W. R., and H. B. Tordoff. 1964. Relation of oxygen consumption to temperature in the Red and White-winged Crossbills. Auk 81:26--35.
Grossman, A. F., and G. C. West. 1977. Metabolic rate and temperature regulation of winter acclimatized Black-capped Chickadees Parus atricapillus of interior Alaska. Ornis Scandinavica 8: 127--138.
King, J. R. 1964. Oxygen consumption and body temperature in relation to ambient temperature in the White-crowned Sparrow. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 12:13--24.
Pohl, H., and G. C. West. 1973. Daily and seasonal variation in metabolic response to cold during rest and forced exercise in the Common Redpoll. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 45A:851--867.
Reinertsen, R. E., and S. Haftorn. 1986. Different metabolic strategies of northern birds for nocturnal survival. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 156:655--663.
Root, T. 1990. Positive correlation between range size and body size: a possible mechanism. Pages 817--825 in Proceedings of the 20th International Ornithological Congress.
Root, T. L., T. P. O'Connor, and W. R. Dawson. 1991. Standard metabolic level and insulative characteristics of eastern House Finches, Carpodacus mexicanus (Müller). Physiological Zoology 64:1279--1295.
Steen, J. 1958. Climatic adaptation in some small northern birds. Ecology 39:625--629.
Swanson, D. L. 1991. Seasonal adjustments in metabolism and insulation in the Dark-eyed Junco. Condor 93:538--545.
Swanson, D. L. 1993. Cold tolerance and thermogenic capacity in Dark-eyed Juncos in winter: geographic variation and comparison with American Tree Sparrows. Journal of Thermal Biology 18:275--281.
Yarbrough, C. G. 1971. The influence of distribution and ecology on the thermoregulation of small birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 39A:235--266.