Jean-Michel Gaillard and Nigel Gilles Yoccoz. 2003. Temporal variation in survival of mammals: a case of environmental canalization? Ecology 84:3294–3306.

We used the following Leslie-Usher matrix model for the twenty-two populations of ungulates for which yearly estimates of age-dependent survival as well as mean estimates of other fitness components were available in the literature:

F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8
SY	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	S2	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	S3	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	S4	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	S5	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	S6	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	S7	S8

where (see Gaillard et al. 1998, 2000 for further details):

Fi correspond to the age-dependent recruitment rates. For females from one year of age (F1) to eight years of age and more (F8), recruitment is equal to the product between juvenile survival (SJ, measured from birth to one year of age), litter size (LS, measured by the number of females produced per female), and breeding proportion of females (BP).

Si correspond to the age-dependent survival from the yearling survival (SY, from one to two years of age) to the yearly survival of old adults from eight years of age onwards (S8). In most populations of ungulates considered here, S2 = S3 = S4 = S5 = S6 = S7 = S, corresponding to the prime-age adult survival.

From this matrix, we calculated the intrinsic rate of increase (), as well as the elasticities and sensitivities of juvenile and adult survival from the following data (population-specific SJ and S are given in Table 2):

Pronghorn:	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.90
= 1.02	LSi = 0.90
	SY = 0.90
	S8 = 0.90
Moose (population 1):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.40, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.81
= 1.10	LSi = 0.69
	SY = 0.94
	S8 = S
Reindeer:	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.40, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.59
= 1.08	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.94
	S8 = S
Bighorn (population 1):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.10, BP3 = 0.53, BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = 0.94,
= 1.10	BP8 = 0.93
	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.88
	S8 = 0.89
Bighorn (population 2):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.29, BP3 = 0.88, BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = 0.95,
= 1.03	BP8 = 0.96
	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.92
	S8 = 0.87
Mountain Goat:	BP1 = BP2 = BP3 = 0, BP4 = 0.29, BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.73
= 1.06	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.96
	S8 = S
Caribou:	BP1 = BP2 = 0, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.81
= 0.99	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.84
	S8 = S
Greater Kudu (population 1):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.10, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.90
= 1.04	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.85
	S8 = 0.83
Greater Kudu (population 2):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.10, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.90
= 1.00	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.83
	S8 = 0.79
Red Deer:	BP1 = BP2 = 0, BP3 = 0.46, BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.54
= 1.04	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.96
	S8 = S9 = S
	S10 = 0.75
Mule Deer (population 1):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.88, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = BP9 = 1,
	BP10 = 0.78
	LS2 = 0.67, LS3 = LS4 = LS5 = LS6 = LS7 = LS8 = LS9 = 1, LS10 = 0.93
	SY = 0.88
	S8 = S
Mule Deer (population 2):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.88, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = BP9 = 1,
= 1.06	BP10 = 0.78
	LS2 = 0.67, LS3 = LS4 = LS5 = LS6 = LS7 = LS8 = LS9 = 1, LS10 = 0.93
	SY = 0.82
	S8 = S
Soay Sheep:	BP1 = 0.32, BP2 = BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 1,
= 1.15	LS1 = 0.51, LS2 = LS3 = LS4 = LS5 = LS6 = LS7 = LS8 = 0.57,
	SY = 0.82
	S8 = 0.76
Roe Deer (population 1):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.96,
= 1.24	LSi = 0.82
	SY = 0.97
	S8 = 0.80
Roe Deer (population 2):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.91, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = 0.98,
= 1.19	BP8 = 0.91,
	LSi = 0.83
	SY = 0.98
	S8 = 0.90
Ibex:	BP1 = BP2 = BP3 = 0, BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.56,
= 1.08	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.93
	S8 = S
Horse:	BP1 = BP2 = 0, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.54,
= 1.03	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.88
	S8 = S
Dall Sheep:	BP1 = BP2 = 0, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.41,
= 1.00	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.88
	S8 = S
Chillingham Cattle:	BP1 = BP2 = 0, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.56,
= 1.06	LSi = 0.5
	SY = 0.90
	S8 = S
Moose (population 2):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.11, BP3 = 0.53,
= 1.30	BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.89,
	LSi = 0.85
	SY = 0.98
	S8 = S
Moose (population 3):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.53, BP3 = BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 1,
= 1.41	LSi = 0.94
	SY = 0.87
	S8 = S
Moose (population 4):	BP1 = 0, BP2 = 0.13, BP3 = 0.56,
= 1.31	BP4 = BP5 = BP6 = BP7 = BP8 = 0.93,
	LSi = 0.84
	SY = 0.98
	S8 = S

Literature cited

Gaillard, J. M., M. Festa Bianchet, and N. G. Yoccoz. 1998. Population dynamics of large herbivores: constant adult survival and variable recruitment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:58–63.

Gaillard, J. M., M. Festa-Bianchet, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Loison, and C. Toigo. 2000. Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:367–393.