Appendix A. Means and standard errors (in parentheses) for seven defense-related traits of the 24 species of milkweed employed in this study.
Latex |
Trichomes |
Toughness |
C-N Ratio |
Water |
Cardenolides |
Specific leaf area |
|
A. amplexicaulis |
1.23 |
0.00 |
129.00 |
14.42 |
80.92 |
0.15 |
11.05 |
(0.15) |
(0.00) |
(9.54) |
(0.91) |
(1.27) |
(0.10) |
(0.61) |
|
A. asperula |
0.78 |
324.17 |
116.00 |
11.72 |
82.47 |
0.72 |
13.96 |
(0.25) |
(42.44) |
(18.21) |
(0.52) |
(1.10) |
(0.09) |
(1.03) |
|
A. californica |
1.86 |
1660.30 |
139.00 |
11.65 |
82.39 |
0.24 |
10.93 |
(0.58) |
(217.88) |
(10.54) |
(0.26) |
(0.97) |
(0.03) |
(1.53) |
|
A. cordifolia |
0.98 |
0.59 |
57.50 |
10.52 |
83.31 |
0.16 |
13.73 |
(0.16) |
(0.59) |
(4.90) |
(0.37) |
(1.04) |
(0.04) |
(1.92) |
|
A. curassavica |
0.74 |
501.80 |
86.00 |
11.36 |
89.53 |
0.29 |
19.14 |
(0.27) |
(38.00) |
(4.88) |
(0.31) |
(0.39) |
(0.07) |
(2.26) |
|
A. eriocarpa |
4.78 |
1320.40 |
133.50 |
11.47 |
80.99 |
0.36 |
8.38 |
(0.96) |
(307.53) |
(6.24) |
(0.50) |
(1.53) |
(0.07) |
(0.47) |
|
A. exaltata |
1.04 |
994.76 |
93.50 |
15.19 |
78.84 |
0.13 |
9.57 |
(0.26) |
(243.32) |
(9.31) |
(0.89) |
(0.46) |
(0.03) |
(0.32) |
|
A. fascicularis |
0.66 |
58.32 |
100.00 |
11.08 |
78.30 |
0.18 |
12.40 |
(0.22) |
(15.65) |
(13.27) |
(0.85) |
(1.68) |
(0.03) |
(1.22) |
|
A. hallii |
0.97 |
737.89 |
111.50 |
10.30 |
84.64 |
0.18 |
13.26 |
(0.21) |
(132.43) |
(11.21) |
(0.56) |
(0.34) |
(0.04) |
(0.60) |
|
A. hirtella |
0.27 |
118.56 |
177.00 |
12.82 |
81.27 |
0.41 |
14.90 |
(0.08) |
(29.86) |
(29.88) |
(0.36) |
(0.87) |
(0.08) |
(0.66) |
|
A. incarnata incarnata |
0.54 |
226.61 |
125.50 |
10.97 |
80.32 |
0.16 |
12.49 |
(0.16) |
(26.28) |
(7.73) |
(0.53) |
(0.61) |
(0.04) |
(0.49) |
|
A. incarnata pulchra |
0.37 |
836.57 |
130.00 |
12.93 |
86.21 |
0.12 |
11.88 |
(0.10) |
(161.63) |
(14.24) |
(1.48) |
(0.44) |
(0.02) |
(1.82) |
|
A. oenotheroides |
1.05 |
137.27 |
129.50 |
12.46 |
87.05 |
0.19 |
18.12 |
(0.42) |
(43.59) |
(16.42) |
(0.61) |
(1.26) |
(0.04) |
(2.57) |
|
A. perennis |
0.00 |
104.42 |
76.50 |
12.47 |
84.15 |
0.31 |
21.72 |
(0.17) |
(10.29) |
(7.82) |
(0.45) |
(0.78) |
(0.10) |
(2.06) |
|
A. purpurascens |
2.11 |
966.04 |
110.00 |
13.72 |
78.81 |
0.19 |
7.91 |
(0.27) |
(175.57) |
(11.43) |
(1.17) |
(2.98) |
(0.03) |
(0.14) |
|
A. speciosa |
4.49 |
2019.26 |
91.00 |
11.29 |
85.17 |
0.19 |
9.30 |
(0.30) |
(355.36) |
(8.19) |
(0.29) |
(0.47) |
(0.04) |
(0.45) |
|
A. sullivantii |
4.04 |
6.01 |
149.50 |
14.35 |
81.11 |
0.19 |
9.26 |
(1.25) |
(3.77) |
(8.31) |
(2.10) |
(0.33) |
(0.04) |
(0.40) |
|
A. syriaca |
1.61 |
1509.81 |
71.50 |
11.52 |
83.15 |
0.27 |
11.30 |
(0.58) |
(170.85) |
(4.22) |
(0.48) |
(0.55) |
(0.03) |
(0.68) |
|
A. tuberosa |
0.15 |
491.34 |
95.50 |
12.59 |
83.80 |
0.19 |
19.76 |
(0.14) |
(102.40) |
(14.61) |
(0.71) |
(0.98) |
(0.04) |
(2.86) |
|
A. variegata |
1.32 |
135.80 |
127.00 |
14.01 |
81.68 |
0.15 |
9.74 |
(0.41) |
(25.22) |
(16.40) |
(0.60) |
(0.83) |
(0.03) |
(0.06) |
|
A. verticillata |
0.63 |
208.41 |
105.56 |
11.79 |
81.52 |
0.21 |
23.35 |
(0.17) |
(45.18) |
(9.63) |
(0.50) |
(1.07) |
(0.05) |
(2.22) |
|
A. viridis |
0.81 |
340.96 |
118.50 |
11.82 |
84.50 |
0.34 |
12.54 |
(0.23) |
(61.33) |
(6.41) |
(0.54) |
(1.45) |
(0.06) |
(1.25) |
|
G. cancellatus |
0.61 |
562.77 |
106.00 |
11.48 |
87.49 |
0.93 |
14.71 |
(0.08) |
(120.72) |
(11.54) |
(0.48) |
(0.95) |
(0.06) |
(1.65) |
|
G. fruticosus |
0.23 |
245.96 |
110.00 |
11.76 |
83.85 |
0.47 |
14.15 |
(0.14) |
(91.46) |
(6.67) |
(0.54) |
(1.61) |
(0.06) |
(1.17) |