Appendix A: The theory behind the formulas.
Ecological Archives E088-134-A1.Appendix B: Statistical methods for estimating cov(E,C).
Ecological Archives E088-134-A2.Appendix C: An example with simulated data.
Ecological Archives E088-134-A3.
Supplement 1: R code for assessing covariance between environment and competition.
Ecological Archives E088-134-S1.
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