Robert Van Pelt and Stephen C. Sillett. 2008. Crown development of coastal Pseudotsuga menziesii, including a conceptual model for tall conifers. Ecological Monographs 78:283–310.

Appendix E. Crown shapes of 70 Pseudotsuga trees, grouped by stand.

FIG. E1. Crown shapes of 70 Pseudotsuga trees, grouped by stand. Using the 3-D model, a smooth line was fitted to branch tips at crown perimeters. All vertical and horizontal distances are scaled relative to tree height. Red lines are best-fits to stand averages using simple conic shapes.