Ecological Archives M080-008-A2

Joseph O. Ogutu, Hans-Peter Piepho, Robin S. Reid, Michael E. Rainy, Russell L. Kruska, Jeffrey S. Worden, Meshack Nyabenge, and N. Thompson Hobbs. 2010. Large herbivore responses to water and settlements in savannas. Ecological Monographs 80:241–266.

Appendix B. Tables showing (1) the Akaike Information Criterion for the standard Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, zero-inflated negative binomial, and the negative binomial hurdle models and (2) estimates of the linear, (), and quadratic, () coefficients of distance from water (boma), the interaction between distance from water and boma (), and their standard errors for the negative binomial hurdle model.

TABLE B1. The Akaike Information Criterion for the standard Poisson (POISSON), negative binomial (NEGBIN), zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) and the negative binomial hurdle (HUNB) models. The HUNBKS model is a special case of the negative binomial hurdle model in which the linear predictor of the binary part of the hurdle model equals a constant plus a scalar multiple of the linear predictor of the zero-truncated negative binomial part of the hurdle model. Although two ZINB models gave the best fit, we used the best hurdle mode for inference throughout for consistency.

Species	Year	Land use	POISSON	NEGBIN	ZIP	ZINB	HUP	HUNB	HUNBKS
T. gazelle	1999	Ranch	52639.5	12056.4	21369.7	11983.0	21369.4	11983.3	11980.9
T. gazelle	1999	Reserve	68227.7	14914.1	25483.0	14570.8	25482.6	14570.6	14789.0
T. gazelle	2002	Ranch	112118.0	20681.5	47975.0	20550.3	47973.6	20554.2	20565.4
T. gazelle	2002	Reserve	126870.5	24565.0	50352.0	24410.3	50353.0	24408.9	24450.0
G. gazelle	1999	Ranch	9346.9	2847.1	3554.3	2839.3	3554.3	2820.0	2835.3
G. gazelle	1999	Reserve	10031.2	3367.0	3631.8	3274.1	3631.8	3274.1	3326.9
G. gazelle	2002	Ranch	17588.0	6114.9	7130.3	5990.4	7129.8	5990.6	5986.3
G. gazelle	2002	Reserve	17413.8	5525.9	6907.6	5443.4	6908.1	5411.6	5446.9
Warthog	1999	Ranch	3070.1	1536.3	1588.2	1527.9	1588.3	1527.1	1526.9
Warthog	1999	Reserve	5809.0	2937.9	3128.6	2921.7	3128.7	2921.5	2915.2
Warthog	2002	Ranch	4959.4	2989.7	2982.8	2960.9	2982.8	2936.9	2932.7
Warthog	2002	Reserve	12031.6	6192.1	6249.3	6192.9	6249.4	6070.5	6065.7
Topi	1999	Ranch	12030.4	4202.7	5147.3	4123.9	5147.5	4122.1	4134.4
Topi	1999	Reserve	25559.7	6560.9	9929.3	6523.2	9928.8	6544.2	6543.4
Topi	2002	Ranch	18860.7	7985.7	9437.9	7833.3	9436.6	7839.1	7831.8
Topi	2002	Reserve	31771.5	9820.2	14029.0	9748.3	14029.0	9785.1	9780.6
Wildebeest	1999	Ranch	62642.4	4553.4	12294.6	4439.5	12294.7	4439.5	4433.3
Wildebeest	1999	Reserve	387247.6	6189.6	198294.0	5927.6	87651.1	5927.9	5929.1
Wildebeest	2002	Ranch	109603.5	10257.0	29007.7	9899.4	29008.6	9896.3	9950.7
Wildebeest	2002	Reserve	740678.7	20059.7	397855.0		185423.0	19186.3	19285.2
Zebra	1999	Ranch	34127.1	5826.1	8473.8	5610.7	8473.9	5610.7	5620.0
Zebra	1999	Reserve	70230.7	7393.9	17354.1	7343.3	17354.0	7188.7	7384.1
Zebra	2002	Ranch	62545.3	10500.0	19352.1	9888.0	19354.1	9887.4	9885.7
Zebra	2002	Reserve	161337.5	18241.5	50086.0	17846.7	50086.0	17847.1	17900.3
Impala	1999	Ranch	44592.8	5748.9	13716.7	5707.0	13716.6	5707.4	5704.2
Impala	1999	Reserve	28935.0	5039.8	9372.0	5030.1	9372.1	5030.0	5027.6
Impala	2002	Ranch	72871.2	11956.6	27078.9	11704.0	27078.5	11707.8	11703.8
Impala	2002	Reserve	48069.7	9169.3	16968.0	9046.6	16967.0	9063.3	9070.5
Cattle	1999	Ranch	87574.0	3785.2	15599.2	3467.9	15600.8	3467.2	3487.8
Cattle	2002	Ranch	225770.9	7676.9	116431.1	7027.3	30456.9	7026.7	7142.8
Shoats	1999	Ranch	141627.5	4553.0	55443.1	4068.2	18534.4	4068.1	4068.5
Shoats	2002	Ranch	293094.0	8366.6	146318.7	7406.8	50868.1	7406.4	7409.9

TABLE B2. Estimates of the linear, (), and quadratic, () coefficients of distance from water (boma), the interaction between distance from water and boma () and their standard errors for the negative binomial hurdle model. Pattern indicates whether the distribution of the fitted model was Bell shaped (BE), Boundary (BO), Conditional (CO), or Bimodal (BI).

Species	Pattern
Ranch		1999
T. gazelle	BE	0.436	0.188	-0.111	0.046	0.721	0.227	-0.115	0.053	-0.038	0.055
G. gazelle	BE	-0.678	0.425	0.233	0.088	0.313	0.411	-0.109	0.094	0.059	0.114
Warthog	BE	0.115	0.238	-0.041	0.065	0.909	0.546	-0.156	0.098	-0.057	0.071
Topi	BE	1.156	0.442	-0.271	0.105	1.152	0.461	-0.204	0.095	-0.364	0.141
Wildebeest	BE	0.082	0.101	-0.024	0.030	0.076	0.094	-0.019	0.023	0.000	0.006
Zebra	BE	0.542	0.222	-0.123	0.048	-0.394	0.250	0.141	0.059	-0.127	0.065
Impala	BE	0.085	0.422	-0.149	0.097	0.455	0.518	-0.110	0.107	0.082	0.141
Cattle	CO	-0.309	0.100			-0.080	0.188			0.450	0.153
Shoats	CO	-0.004	0.076			0.169	0.159			0.056	0.131
Reserve		1999
T. gazelle	BE	0.133	0.131	-0.045	0.030	0.120	0.032	-0.003	0.001	-0.007	0.008
G. gazelle	BE	-0.063	0.262	0.003	0.051	-0.025	0.078	0.001	0.003	0.003	0.016
Warthog	BE	-0.058	0.105	-0.031	0.022	0.141	0.074	-0.006	0.003	0.007	0.007
Topi	BE	0.233	0.127	-0.048	0.026	0.117	0.065	-0.006	0.003	-0.011	0.007
Wildebeest	CO	-0.830	0.356	0.066	0.063	0.066	0.073	0.004	0.003	0.028	0.018
Zebra	BE	-0.061	0.196	-0.003	0.040	0.177	0.040	-0.007	0.002	0.004	0.010
Impala	CO	0.213	0.165	-0.003	0.029	-0.024	0.031	0.002	0.001	-0.035	0.017

Species	Pattern
Ranch		2002
T. gazelle	BE	0.424	0.150	-0.086	0.038	0.984	0.105	-0.138	0.018	-0.035	0.035
G. gazelle	BE	0.067	0.068	-0.021	0.020	0.070	0.067	-0.008	0.008	0.005	0.006
Warthog	BE	-0.062	0.066	-0.007	0.012	0.214	0.158	-0.031	0.023	0.014	0.015
Topi	BE	-0.013	0.292	-0.006	0.064	0.346	0.222	-0.046	0.032	-0.011	0.077
Wildebeest	BE	0.288	0.254	-0.357	0.074	0.154	0.193	-0.077	0.035	0.099	0.066
Zebra	BE	0.036	0.036	-0.050	0.015	0.405	0.102	-0.068	0.017	0.021	0.011
Impala	BE	-0.087	0.305	0.017	0.082	0.467	0.181	-0.074	0.031	0.008	0.058
Cattle	CO	0.027	0.052			0.694	0.122			0.008	0.057
Shoats	CO	-0.129	0.055			0.030	0.090			0.081	0.078
Reserve		2002
T. gazelle	BI	0.323	0.136	-0.069	0.022	-0.078	0.020	0.004	0.001	-0.023	0.007
G. gazelle	BO	0.326	0.226	0.032	0.033	0.230	0.059	-0.010	0.003	-0.064	0.019
Warthog	BE	0.030	0.035	-0.032	0.021	0.011	0.008	-0.001	0.001	0.004	0.003
Topi	BO	0.023	0.029	-0.006	0.007	-0.004	0.005	0.000	0.000	-0.001	0.001
Wildebeest	BE	0.160	0.200	0.044	0.031	0.298	0.025	-0.009	0.001	-0.019	0.008
Zebra	BE	-0.105	0.140	0.025	0.024	0.147	0.022	-0.005	0.001	-0.006	0.007
Impala	CO	0.211	0.279	-0.043	0.044	0.085	0.046	-0.002	0.002	-0.037	0.013

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