Ecological Archives A014-007-A1

Michael P. Marchetti, Peter B. Moyle, and Richard Levine. 2004. Alien fishes in California watersheds: characteristics of successful and failed invaders. Ecological Applications 14:587–596.

Appendix A. Tables showing fish species introduced into California watersheds.

Table A1. Successfully introduced fish species in California watersheds and the seven categorical predictor variables utilized in the analysis.

Common name

Latin name

Parental
care†

Maximum
adult
size‡

Physiological
tolerance§

Distance
from nearest native source||

Trophic
status

Size of
native
range#

Propagule
pressure††

Prior invasion success‡‡

American shad

Alosa sapidissima

1

4

2

3

P

2

4

0

Bigscale logperch

Percina macrolepida

3

2

3

2

I

1

1

0

Black bullhead

Ameiurus melas

3

3

4

3

O

3

2

21

Black crappie

Pomoxis nigromaculatus

3

3

3

3

I

3

2

3

Blue catfish

Ictalurus furcatus

3

5

2

3

C

2

2

0

Blue tilapia

Oreochromis aurea

3

2

3

4

H

4

2

20

Bluegill

Lepomis macrochirus

3

3

3

3

I

3

2

13

Brook stickleback

Eucalia inconstans

3

1

2

3

I

3

1

0

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

2

4

1

3

I

2

3

32

Brown bullhead

Ameiurus  nebulosus

3

4

3

3

O

3

2

21

Brown trout

Salmo trutta

2

5

2

4

C

4

4

26

Channel catfish

Ictalurus punctatus

3

5

3

3

C

3

2

8

Common carp

Cyprinus carpio

1

5

4

4

O

4

2

46

Fathead minnow

Pimephales promelas

3

1

4

3

D

3

4

3

Flathead catfish

Pylodictis olivaris

3

5

3

3

C

2

2

0

Golden shiner

Notemigonus crysoleucas

1

3

3

3

I

3

2

0

Goldfish

Carassius auratus

1

3

4

4

D

4

2

33

Grass carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella

1

5

2

4

H

3

2

9

Green sunfish

Lepomis cyanellus

3

3

4

3

I

3

1

9

Inland silverside

Menidia beryllina

1

2

3

3

P

2

3

0

Kokanee

Oncorhynchus nerka

2

4

2

2

P

4

2

1

Lake trout

Salvelinus namaycush

2

5

1

3

C

3

3

4

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

3

4

3

3

C

3

2

53

Mozambique mouthbrooder

Oreochromis mossambicus

3

3

4

4

H

3

2

58

Northern pike

Esox lucius

1

5

2

3

C

4

1

7

Porthole livebearer

Poeciliopsis gracilis

4

1

3

2

O

1

1

2

Pumpkinseed

Lepomis gibbosus

3

3

2

3

I

2

1

16

Rainwater killifish

Lucania parva

3

1

4

3

I

2

2

0

Red shiner

Cyprinella lutrensis

1

1

3

3

O

3

2

0

Redbelly tilapia

Tilapia zilli

3

3

3

4

H

4

1

15

Redear sunfish

Lepomis microlophus

3

3

2

3

I

2

3

6

Redeye bass

Micropeterus coosae

3

3

2

3

I

1

2

1

Sailfin molly

Poecilia latipinna

4

1

4

3

D

2

1

8

Shimofuri goby

Tridentiger bifasciatus

3

1

3

4

I

2

3

1

Shortfin molly

Poecilia mexicana

4

1

3

4

H

2

1

6

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

3

4

2

3

C

2

2

12

Spotted bass

Micropterus punctulatus

3

4

3

3

C

2

2

2

Striped bass

Morone saxitalis

1

5

2

3

C

2

2

2

Tench

Tinca tinca

1

4

4

4

I

4

1

15

Threadfin shad

Dorosoma petenense

1

2

2

3

P

2

2

1

Wakasagi

Hypomesus nipponensis

1

2

2

4

P

1

4

1

Warmouth

Lepomis gulosus

3

3

3

3

I

2

2

2

Western mosquitofish

Gambusia affinis

4

1

4

3

I

2

2

68

White bass          

Morone chrysops

1

4

2

3

C

3

2

0

White catfish

Ameiurus catus

3

4

4

3

C

2

1

1

White crappie

Pomoxis annularis

3

3

2

3

I

3

2

1

Yellow bullhead

Ameiurus natilis

3

4

3

3

I

3

1

0

Yellow perch

Perca flavescens

1

3

2

3

I

3

3

0

Yellowfin goby

Acanthogobius flavimanus

3

3

3

4

I

2

3

3

Footnotes appear at the end of Table A3.

 

Table A2: Native fish species established outside their native California range and the seven categorical predictor variables utilized in the analysis.

Common name

Latin name

Parental
care

Maximum
adult
size

Physiological
tolerance

Distance
from
nearest
native
source

Trophic
group

Size of
native
range

Propagule
pressure

Prior
invasion
success
Amargosa pupfish

Cyprinodon nevadensis

3

1

4

1

O

1

1

0
Arryo chub

Gila orcutti

1

2

3

1

O

1

1

0
Cutthroat trout

Oncorhynchus clarki

2

4

2

1

C

3

3

0
Desert pupfish

Cyprinodon macularius

3

1

4

1

O

1

1

0
Hitch

Lavina exilicauda

1

2

3

1

I

1

3

0
Lahotan red side

Richardsonius egregius

1

2

3

1

I

1

1

0
Longjaw mudsucker

Gillichthys mirabilis

3

2

4

1

I

1

2

0
Mountain sucker

Catostomus platyrhynchus

1

3

2

1

O

2

2

0
Owens sucker

Catostomus fumeiventis

1

3

3

1

O

1

3

0
Prickly sculpin

Cottus asper

3

2

3

1

I

3

3

0
Rainbow trout

Oncorhynchus mykiss

2

4

2

1

I

3

4

58
Roach

Lavinia symmetricus

1

2

3

1

O

1

1

0
Sacramento blackfish

Orthodon microlepidotus

1

4

4

1

D

1

3

0
Sacramento perch

Archoplites interruptus

3

4

3

1

I

1

2

0
Sacramento pike minnow

Ptychochelius grandis

3

4

3

1

C

1

1

0
Sacramento sucker

Catostomus occidentalis

1

4

3

1

O

1

2

0
Santa Ana sucker

Catostomus santaanae

1

3

2

1

O

1

1

0
Speckled dace

Rhinichthys osculus

1

1

3

1

I

2

1

0
Tahoe sucker

Catostomus tahoensis

1

4

3

1

O

1

1

0
Three spine stickleback

Gasterosteus aculeatus

3

1

3

1

I

4

1

0
Tui chub

Siphatales bicolor

1

3

4

1

O

1

1

0
Tule perch

Hysterocarpus traski

4

2

2

1

I

1

1

0

Footnotes appear at the end of Table A3.

 

Table A3: Fish speices that were introduced but failed to establish permanent populations in California watersheds and the seven categorical predictor variables utilized in the analysis.

Common name

Latin name

Parental
care

Maximum
adult
size

Physiological
tolerance

Distance
from
nearest
native
source

Trophic
group

Size of
native
range

Propagule
pressure

Prior
invasion
success
Alligator gar

Lepisosteus spatula

1

6

3

3

C

2

1

0
American eel

Anguilla rostrata

1

5

3

3

C

3

1

0
Angelfish

Pterophyllum spp.

3

2

1

4

I

3

1

0
Arawana

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum

3

5

2

4

C

3

1

0
Arctic grayling

Thymallus arcticus

2

3

1

2

I

4

3

0
Argentine pearlfish

Cynolebias bellottii

2

1

4

4

I

2

1

0
Atlantic salmon

Salmo salar

2

4

1

3

C

4

3

4
Ayu

Plecoglossus altivelis

1

3

3

4

H

2

4

0
Bighead carp

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

1

4

3

4

O

3

1

8
Bigmouth buffalo

Ictiobus cyprinellus

1

4

2

3

O

3

1

3
Blackfin pearlfish

Cynolebias nigripinnis

2

1

4

4

I

2

2

0
Bluefin killifish

Lucania goodei

3

1

3

3

I

2

1

0
Bluntnose minnow

Pimephales notatus

3

1

3

3

O

3

1

0
Bonneville cisco

Prosopium gemmiferumr

1

2

1

2

P

1

4

0
Brook silversides

Labidesthes sicculus

3

2

3

2

P

3

2

0
Emerald shiner

Notropis atherinoides

1

2

2

3

P

3

1

0
European eel

Anguilla anguilla

1

5

3

4

C

3

1

0
Giant rivulus

Rivulus harti

2

1

1

3

C

2

1

1
Grass pickerel

Esox americanus

1

4

2

3

C

2

2

0
Green guapote

Cichlasoma beani

3

3

2

2

O

3

1

0
Green swordtail

Xiphophorus helleri

1

1

3

4

O

1

1

16
Guppy

Poecilla reticulata

1

1

3

4

O

2

2

34
Jack dempsey

Cichlasoma octofasciatum

3

3

1

4

O

1

1

3
Japanese medaka

Oryzias latipes

1

1

2

4

O

3

1

0
Lake whitefish

Coregonus clupeaformis

1

4

2

3

P

2

4

1
Mexican tetra

Astyanax mexicanus

1

2

2

2

I

2

1

0
Milkfish

Chanos chanos

1

5

3

4

D

4

1

0
Muskellunge

Esox masquinongy

1

5

2

3

C

2

3

0
Pacu

Colossoma spp.

1

4

2

4

H

3

1

0
Rio pearlfish

Cynolebias whitei

2

1

3

4

I

2

2

0
Rock bass

Ambloplites rupestris

3

3

2

3

C

3

2

3
Shortfin eel

Anguilla australis

1

5

3

4

C

4

1

0
Southern platyfish

Xiphophorus maculatus

4

1

4

2

O

1

1

11
Tiger barb

Puntius tetrazona

1

1

2

4

H

2

1

0
Variable platyfish

Xiphophorus variatus

1

1

4

2

O

1

1

3
Walking catfish

Clarias batrachus

3

3

4

3

C

3

1

7
Walleye

Stizostedion vitreum

1

4

1

3

C

3

4

0
Zebra danio

Danio rerio

1

1

2

4

O

3

1

2

   Notes: The categories (scores) for each variable are: (See text for more complete descriptions of all variables)

†Parental care: (1) open substrate spawners - fish scatter their eggs in the environment with no parental care, (2) brood hiders - fish that hide their eggs but show no additional parental care, (3) guarders - fish guard their embryos and/or larvae, and (4) bearers - fish that carry their embryos with them.

‡Maximum adult size: (1) <10 cm, (2) 11–20 cm, (3) 21–40 cm, (4) 41–80 cm, (5) 81–160 cm, (6) >160 cm. All categories represent measurements of standard length (from tip of snout to end of vertebral column, excluding the tail).

§Physiological tolerance: (1) Intolerant fishes with low physiological tolerance to changes or extremes in water quality, (2) Moderately tolerant fishes capable of living in water with moderately high variability in water quality, (3) Tolerant fishes capable of living in waters in which water quality often reaches their limits of physiological tolerance for short periods, (4) Extremely tolerant fishes capable of living in waters with water quality that excludes most other fishes.

||Distance from nearest native source: (1) (<150 km) within California or neighboring states, (2)(150–1000 km) within western United States and southwestern Canada, (3)(1000–3,000 km) within North America outside above areas, (4)(>3,000 km) from other continents.

Trophic status. carnivore (C), omnivore  (O), herbivore (H), invertivore (I), detritivore (D), and planktivore (P).

#Size of native range: (1) range occupies <5% of one zoogeographic sub-region; local endemics, (2) range occupies 5–50% of one zoogeographic sub-region, (3) range occupies greater than 50% of one zoogeographic sub-region,  (4) range occupies more than one zoogeographic sub-region.

††Propagule pressure: (1)<100 individuals released in single introductions, (2)100–1,000 individuals released in single or multiple releases, (3) 1,000–10,000 individuals released, and  (4)>10,000 individuals released.

‡‡Prior invasion success. The number of countries worldwide in which each species has been introduced and successfully established is based on Lever (1996). 

 

Literature cited

Lever, C. 1996. Naturalized fishes of the world. Academic Press, London, UK.


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