Ecological Archives A015-069-A1

Stephen Polasky, Erik Nelson, Eric Lonsdorf, Paul Fackler, and Anthony Starfield. 2005. Conserving species in a working landscape: land use with biological and economic objectives. Ecological Applications 15:1387–1401.

Appendix A: A description of heuristic algorithms, species data and landscape data.

TABLE A1. Heuristic summary table.

Heuristic 1

Heuristic 2

Heuristic 3

Initial land-use pattern

All parcels in best economic use.

All parcels in best economic use.

All parcels in best economic use.

Conversions allowed

Economic use (managed forestry, agriculture) to biological reserve.

Economic use (managed forestry, agriculture) to biological reserve.

Any use to any use.

Decision rule

As long as there is no move that increases both the LB and LE scores, maximize the gain of the LB score per unit loss in the LE score.

As long as there is no move that increases both the LB and LE scores, minimize the loss in the LE score subject to an increase in the LB score.

As long as there is no move that increases both the LB and LE scores, maximize the gain in the LB score per unit loss in the LE score.

Termination rule

No further increase in the LB score is possible.

The biological constraint cannot be satisfied.

No further increase in the LB score is possible.

Heuristic 4

Heuristic 5

Heuristic 6

Initial land-use pattern

All parcels in best economic use.

All parcels in biological reserves.

All parcels in biological reserves.

Conversions allowed

Any use to any use.

Any use to any use.

Any use to any use.

Decision rule

As long as there is no move that increases both the LB and LE scores, minimize the loss in the LE score subject to an increase in the LB score.

Maximize the gain in the LB score per unit gain in the LE score, or minimize the loss in the LB score per unit gain in the LE score, subject to the constraint that the LE score must increase.

Maximize the gain in the LB score, or minimize the loss, subject to the constraint that the LE score must increase.

Termination rule

The biological constraint cannot be satisfied.

The economic constraint cannot be satisfied.

The economic constraint cannot be satisfied.

 

TABLE A2. Default habitat compatibility scores, amount of area required by a breeding pair, and dispersal ability for the 97 species on the 14 × 14 landscape.

Species common name

Species scientific name

Habitat type

ARs (in hectares)

as

Xj=xa

Xj=xf

Xj=xb, shrub

Xj=xb, hardwood

Xj=xb, conifer

Xj=xb, prairie/meadow

Species habitat compatibility scores ( Csj ( Xj ) )

                   

American Beaver

Castor canadensis

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

400

1/3000

American Crow

Corvus brachyrhynchos

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

6000

1/15000

American Kestrel

Falco sparverius

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

1.0

1000

1/15000

American Marten

Martes americana

0.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.0

6000

1/7000

Anna’s Hummingbird

Calypte anna

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

6000

1/15000

Bald Eagle

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.0

15000

1/15000

Barn Owl

Tyto alba

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

1000

1/15000

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustica

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

15000

1/15000

Big Brown Bat

Eptesicus fuscus

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

400

1/7000

Black Bear

Ursus americanus

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

15000

1/25000

Black-Tailed Deer

Odocoileus hemionus

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

2500

1/25000

Bobcat

Lynx rufus

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

2500

1/25000

Brown Creeper

Certhia americana

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

100

1/15000

Brown-Headed Cowbird

Molothrus ater

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

2500

1/15000

Bushtit

Psaltriparus minimus

0.5

0.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

100

1/15000

Bushy-tailed Woodrat

Neotoma cinerea

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

400

1/3000

California Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus beecheyi

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

1.0

400

1/3000

Chipping Sparrow

Spizella passerina

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

100

1/15000

Clouded Salamander

Aneides ferreus

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

100

1/100

Coast Mole

Scapanus orarius

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

1.0

100

1/3000

Common Garter Snake

Thamnophis sirtalis

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

1000

1/100

Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1000

1/15000

Common Porcupine

Erethizon dorsatum

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

2500

1/7000

Common Raven

Corvus corax

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

15000

1/15000

Cooper's Hawk

Accipiter cooperii

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

15000

1/15000

Coyote

Canis latrans

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

15000

1/25000

Dark-eyed Junco

Junco hyemalis

0.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

400

1/15000

Deer Mouse

Peromyscus maniculatus

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

100

1/3000

Dunn's Salamander

Plethodon dunni

0.0

0.5

0.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

400

1/100

Dusky-footed Woodrat

Neotoma fuscipes

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

100

1/3000

Elk

Cervus elaphus

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

15000

1/25000

Ensatina

Ensatina eschscholtzii

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

100

1/100

Ermine

Mustela erminea

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

400

1/7000

Evening Grosbeak

Coccothraustes vespertinus

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

2500

1/15000

Fringed Myotis

Myotis thysanodes

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.0

400

1/15000

Golden Eagle

Aquila chrysaetos

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

15000

1/15000

Gopher Snake

Pituophis catenifer

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

400

1/100

Gray Fox

Urocyon cinereoargenteus

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

2500

1/7000

Gray-Tailed Vole

Microtus canicaudus

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

1.0

100

1/3000

Great Horned Owl

Bubo virginianus

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

15000

1/15000

Green Heron

Butorides virescens

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

15000

1/15000

Hoary Bat

Lasiurus cinereus

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

2500

1/7000

House Sparrow

Passer domesticus

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

100

1/3000

Lazuli Bunting

Passerina amoena

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

400

1/15000

Lesser Goldfinch

Carduelis psaltria

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

100

1/15000

Lewis's Woodpecker

Melanerpes lewis

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

400

1/15000

Long-legged Myotis

Myotis volans

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.0

400

1/15000

Long-tailed Weasel

Mustela frenata

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

1000

1/7000

Long-toed Salamander

Ambystoma macrodactylum

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

400

1/100

Mountain Quail

Oreortyx pictus

0.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

0.0

6000

1/15000

Northern Alligator Lizard

Elgaria coerulea

0.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

100

1/100

Northern Flying Squirrel

Glaucomys sabrinus

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

400

1/3000

Northern Goshawk

Accipiter gentilis

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

6000

1/15000

Northern Harrier

Circus cyaneus

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1000

1/15000

Northern Pygmy-owl

Glaucidium gnoma

0.0

0.5

0.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

6000

1/15000

Northwestern Garter Snake

Thamnophis ordinoides

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

100

1/100

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.5

15000

1/15000

Pacific Chorus (Tree) Frog

Pseudacris regilla

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

400

1/100

Pacific Giant Salamander

Dicamptodon tenebrosus

0.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.0

400

1/100

Pileated Woodpecker

Dryocopus pileatus

0.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.0

1000

1/15000

Purple Martin

Progne subis

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

2500

1/15000

Raccoon

Procyon lotor

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2500

1/7000

Racer

Coluber constrictor

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

100

1/100

Red Crossbill

Loxia curvirostra

0.0

0.5

0.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

400

1/15000

Red Fox

Vulpes vulpes

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

6000

1/7000

Red Tree Vole

Phenacomys longicaudus

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.0

100

1/3000

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta canadensis

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

100

1/15000

Red-breasted Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus ruber

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

400

1/15000

Red-tailed Hawk

Buteo jamaicensis

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

1000

1/15000

Ringneck Snake

Diadophis punctatus

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

100

1/100

Rufous Hummingbird

Selasphorus rufus

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

6000

1/15000

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Accipiter striatus

0.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

1000

1/15000

Silver-haired Bat

Lasionycteris noctivagans

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

100

1/7000

Snowshoe Hare

Lepus americanus

0.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.0

400

1/3000

Southern Alligator Lizard

Elgaria multicarinata

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

400

1/100

Striped Skunk

Mephitis mephitis

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1000

1/7000

Tailed Frog

Ascaphus truei

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

100

1/100

Townsend's Chipmunk

Tamias townsendii

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

100

1/3000

Townsend's Mole

Scapanus townsendii

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

1.0

100

1/3000

Trowbridge's Shrew

Sorex trowbridgii

0.0

1.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.0

100

1/3000

Turkey Vulture

Cathartes aura

0.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

1000

1/15000

Violet-green Swallow

Tachycineta thalassina

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

2500

1/15000

Violet-Green Swallow

Tachycineta thalassina

0.5

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

2500

1/15000

Virginia Opossum

Didelphis virginiana

1.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

100

1/7000

Western Gray Squirrel

Sciurus griseus

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

400

1/3000

Western Rattlesnake

Crotalus viridis

0.0

0.0

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

400

1/100

Western Screech-owl

Otus kennicottii

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

2500

1/15000

Western Spotted Skunk

Spilogale gracilis

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

1000

1/7000

Western Wood-pewee

Contopus sordidulus

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

100

1/15000

White-Crowned Sparrow

Zonotrichia leucophrys

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

100

1/15000

White-tailed Kite

Elanus caeruleus

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

2500

1/15000

Wild Turkey

Meleagris gallopavo

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

0.0

400

1/7000

Wood Duck

Aix sponsa

0.0

0.0

1.0

1.0

0.0

0.0

6000

1/15000

Wrentit

Chamaea fasciata

0.0

1.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

400

1/15000

Yellow Warbler

Dendroica petechia

0.0

0.0

0.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

100

1/15000

Yellow-rumped Warbler

Dendroica coronata

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0

100

1/15000

Yuma Myotis

Myotis yumanensis

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.0

400

1/15000

 

 
   FIG. A1. A map of parcel IDs on the 14 × 14 landscape.

 

TABLE A3. Default present values of agriculture and managed forestry production and presettlement vegetation coverage for each parcel on the 14 × 14 landscape.

Parcel ID (j)

Vj ( × a ) (per hectare)

Vj ( × f ) (per hectare)

Pre-settlement vegetation coverage

1

15,195

9,892

Prairie/Meadow

2

32

8,004

Shrub

3

5,827

8,409

Shrub

4

4,164

10,687

Shrub

5

33,970

11,174

Shrub

6

9,978

9,126

Conifer

7

7,388

11,293

Conifer

8

5,147

8,676

Shrub

9

5,174

10,089

Prairie/Meadow

10

8,229

10,559

Hardwood

11

27,631

7,690

Hardwood

12

3,282

11,105

Hardwood

13

1,490

9,894

Hardwood

14

25,776

10,050

Hardwood

15

-420

9,899

Prairie/Meadow

16

9,321

9,254

Prairie/Meadow

17

-2,088

9,076

Conifer

18

6,902

11,253

Shrub

19

22,170

10,168

Conifer

20

2,125

8,807

Conifer

21

-400

9,852

Conifer

22

23,660

8,061

Conifer

23

8,533

10,178

Hardwood

24

7,176

10,539

Prairie/Meadow

25

32

9,383

Hardwood

26

24,646

8,577

Hardwood

27

8,187

9,741

Hardwood

28

27,621

7,532

Hardwood

29

3,976

8,570

Conifer

30

22,126

10,774

Prairie/Meadow

31

5,963

12,059

Shrub

32

3,420

9,966

Conifer

33

11,280

13,734

Prairie/Meadow

34

4,725

10,527

Shrub

35

726

9,719

Conifer

36

7,539

10,850

Conifer

37

24,419

8,639

Hardwood

38

4,408

10,116

Prairie/Meadow

39

388

8,500

Hardwood

40

6,405

10,102

Hardwood

41

5,258

9,902

Hardwood

42

10,702

8,523

Shrub

43

4,258

7,771

Conifer

44

1,554

8,495

Conifer

45

1,979

9,817

Conifer

46

-2,268

9,499

Conifer

47

4,423

9,227

Shrub

48

2,703

7,710

Hardwood

49

4,230

9,973

Prairie/Meadow

50

4,757

10,593

Conifer

51

2,135

9,632

Conifer

52

29,680

11,908

Shrub

53

7,823

9,607

Hardwood

54

5,921

10,344

Prairie/Meadow

55

23,628

9,126

Prairie/Meadow

56

8,105

11,312

Hardwood

57

14,727

9,306

Conifer

58

4,458

9,385

Conifer

59

5,014

8,827

Conifer

60

2,768

9,056

Conifer

61

7,851

11,807

Prairie/Meadow

62

12,454

9,024

Hardwood

63

9,921

11,960

Conifer

64

7,804

10,668

Conifer

65

6,101

11,592

Hardwood

66

3,838

11,441

Prairie/Meadow

67

2,829

8,510

Conifer

68

6,403

9,736

Prairie/Meadow

69

1,742

8,204

Prairie/Meadow

70

3,296

8,913

Conifer

71

31,859

7,994

Hardwood

72

4,475

9,726

Hardwood

73

-1,369

10,168

Conifer

74

6,412

8,458

Prairie/Meadow

75

1,895

7,890

Hardwood

76

7,996

12,313

Prairie/Meadow

77

28,664

8,898

Hardwood

78

2,246

8,575

Conifer

79

8,478

10,336

Prairie/Meadow

80

4,077

11,293

Conifer

81

1,515

11,458

Conifer

82

-2,221

8,476

Conifer

83

5,874

10,522

Prairie/Meadow

84

1,517

10,707

Shrub

85

20,401

10,485

Hardwood

86

5,330

10,593

Prairie/Meadow

87

2,404

9,430

Conifer

88

2,088

9,128

Prairie/Meadow

89

7,275

11,253

Prairie/Meadow

90

3,163

11,634

Prairie/Meadow

91

20,688

8,834

Prairie/Meadow

92

15,479

10,650

Conifer

93

1,134

10,003

Prairie/Meadow

94

20,646

12,504

Prairie/Meadow

95

11,656

8,016

Prairie/Meadow

96

4,604

9,523

Prairie/Meadow

97

2,103

9,953

Shrub

98

6,499

11,283

Prairie/Meadow

99

19,106

8,607

Hardwood

100

3,331

10,492

Prairie/Meadow

101

8,436

10,188

Hardwood

102

8,609

8,898

Prairie/Meadow

103

28,533

9,079

Prairie/Meadow

104

21,236

10,472

Prairie/Meadow

105

6,810

10,806

Prairie/Meadow

106

23,643

9,649

Prairie/Meadow

107

33,401

9,000

Hardwood

108

22,526

8,688

Conifer

109

-1,831

9,056

Prairie/Meadow

110

28,731

9,968

Hardwood

111

16,998

8,970

Shrub

112

-2,004

8,347

Conifer

113

4,347

8,992

Conifer

114

6,215

10,690

Shrub

115

4,532

7,813

Conifer

116

1,460

9,934

Hardwood

117

7,576

11,196

Conifer

118

8,394

11,666

Prairie/Meadow

119

4,211

10,759

Conifer

120

1,596

6,761

Conifer

121

18,765

10,801

Hardwood

122

-203

8,688

Shrub

123

25,464

8,765

Hardwood

124

7,458

9,785

Prairie/Meadow

125

6,689

9,899

Shrub

126

5,263

9,800

Prairie/Meadow

127

4,648

10,707

Hardwood

128

27,127

10,428

Conifer

129

4,391

9,632

Prairie/Meadow

130

1,421

6,961

Hardwood

131

6,825

7,962

Hardwood

132

6,412

9,761

Shrub

133

-64

10,858

Prairie/Meadow

134

30,673

8,740

Conifer

135

1,893

11,910

Prairie/Meadow

136

21,548

9,286

Prairie/Meadow

137

3,277

8,824

Hardwood

138

5,318

9,934

Hardwood

139

29,084

10,336

Hardwood

140

10,645

8,807

Hardwood

141

18,642

10,314

Shrub

142

8,379

11,671

Conifer

143

2,165

10,272

Conifer

144

22,665

8,051

Hardwood

145

28,743

11,243

Prairie/Meadow

146

4,952

11,456

Prairie/Meadow

147

5,772

8,629

Conifer

148

5,597

9,748

Conifer

149

8,357

10,324

Shrub

150

7,220

8,481

Shrub

151

8,320

9,089

Conifer

152

3,259

9,190

Hardwood

153

5,748

9,538

Conifer

154

2,278

9,417

Hardwood

155

-788

11,616

Conifer

156

3,106

9,825

Conifer

157

7,087

9,128

Conifer

158

4,119

9,355

Conifer

159

3,235

8,533

Conifer

160

27,053

8,533

Prairie/Meadow

161

15,264

11,241

Prairie/Meadow

162

-1,705

9,000

Conifer

163

9,239

10,403

Prairie/Meadow

164

4,688

12,657

Conifer

165

29,376

9,563

Prairie/Meadow

166

7,559

9,855

Hardwood

167

2,387

9,593

Conifer

168

1,999

8,019

Shrub

169

2,617

10,210

Conifer

170

2,661

10,361

Conifer

171

1,863

9,815

Conifer

172

-2,212

8,164

Conifer

173

5,184

7,309

Conifer

174

5,607

9,978

Conifer

175

2,656

11,154

Hardwood

176

7,213

9,360

Hardwood

177

3,548

8,898

Shrub

178

-166

7,747

Hardwood

179

13,321

8,174

Conifer

180

3,010

8,893

Hardwood

181

33,342

9,941

Prairie/Meadow

182

12,123

10,299

Prairie/Meadow

183

2,113

9,509

Conifer

184

21,414

9,948

Hardwood

185

4,146

9,296

Conifer

186

19,022

9,442

Hardwood

187

25,934

10,569

Conifer

188

24,955

9,227

Conifer

189

25,659

9,378

Conifer

190

3,469

7,166

Conifer

191

1,231

8,807

Conifer

192

-131

11,797

Conifer

193

27,001

8,725

Conifer

194

4,398

10,028

Conifer

195

5,716

9,847

Hardwood

196

25,044

9,837

Shrub



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