Appendix A. Avifauna detected within study and their habitat affinity.
As discussed in the main text, we partitioned the bird species pool into subsets based on habitat affinity, where affinity was determined from an independent and long-term bird census that was conducted by one of the authors (Daily) in the same geographical area as this study. We resolved habitat affinity based on the relative frequency of observations of birds in forest and agricultural habitats in this unpublished dataset. Birds that were observed ≥3 times and >90% of the time in forest were classified as forest-affiliated; those observed ≥3 times and >90% of the time in agricultural habitats were classified as agriculture-affilated; birds observed at least once in both forest and agricultural habitats but not falling into the above categories were classified as generalists; the remainder were left as unclassified.
Family |
Species |
Habitat affinity |
Accipitridae |
Buteo magnirostris |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Apodidae |
Streptoprocne zonaris |
Not classified |
Ardeidae |
Butorides virescens |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Ardeidae |
Egretta caerulea |
Not classified |
Caprimulgidae |
Nyctidromus albicollis |
Not classified |
Certhiidae |
Henicorhina leucosticta |
Forest-affiliated |
Certhiidae |
Microcerculus luscinia |
Forest-affiliated |
Certhiidae |
Polioptila plumbea |
Generalist |
Certhiidae |
Ramphocaenus melanurus |
Forest-affiliated |
Certhiidae |
Thryothorus fasciatoventris |
Not classified |
Certhiidae |
Thryothorus modestus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Certhiidae |
Thryothorus rutilus |
Generalist |
Certhiidae |
Thryothorus semibadius |
Forest-affiliated |
Certhiidae |
Troglodytes aedon |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Ciconiidae |
Coragyps atratus |
Generalist |
Columbidae |
Claravis pretiosa |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Columbidae |
Columba nigrirostris |
Forest-affiliated |
Columbidae |
Columba speciosa |
Generalist |
Columbidae |
Columbina talpacoti |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Columbidae |
Leptotila cassinii |
Forest-affiliated |
Columbidae |
Leptotila verreauxi |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Cracidae |
Ortalis cinereiceps |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Cracidae |
Penelope purpurascens |
Forest-affiliated |
Cuculidae |
Crotophaga ani |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Cuculidae |
Piaya cayana |
Generalist |
Cuculidae |
Tapera naevia |
Not classified |
Falconidae |
Herpetotheres cachinnans |
Not classified |
Falconidae |
Micrastur ruficollis |
Forest-affiliated |
Formicariidae |
Formicarius analis |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Amblycercus holosericeus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Arremon aurantiirostris |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Arremonops conirostris |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Atlapetes atricapillus |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Atlapetes brunneinucha |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Basileuterus culicivorus |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Basileuterus rufifrons |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Carduelis psaltria |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus |
Generalist |
Fringillidae |
Coereba flaveola |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Cyanerpes cyaneus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Cyanocompsa cyanoides |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Dacnis venusta |
Generalist |
Fringillidae |
Dives dives |
Not classified |
Fringillidae |
Euphonia imitans |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Euphonia laniirostris |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Euphonia luteicapilla |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Euphonia minuta |
Generalist |
Fringillidae |
Geothlypis aequinoctialis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Geothlypis poliocephala |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Habia rubica |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Molothrus aeneus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Myioborus miniatus |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Oryzoborus funereus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Parula pitiayumi |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Phaeothlypis fulvicauda |
Generalist |
Fringillidae |
Psarocolius decumanus |
Not classified |
Fringillidae |
Quiscalus mexicanus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Ramphocelus costaricensis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Saltator maximus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Saltator striatipectus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Sporophila aurita |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Sporophila nigricollis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Sporophila torqueola |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Sturnella magna |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Tachyphonus luctuosus |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Tachyphonus rufus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Tangara guttata |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Tangara gyrola |
Forest-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Tangara icterocephala |
Generalist |
Fringillidae |
Tangara larvata |
Generalist |
Fringillidae |
Thraupis episcopus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Thraupis palmarum |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Tiaris olivacea |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Volatinia jacarina |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Fringillidae |
Zonotrichia capensis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Automolus ochrolaemus |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Automolus rubiginosus |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Campylorhamphus pusillus |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Dendrocincla anabatina |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Glyphorhynchus spirurus |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Lepidocolaptes souleyetii |
Generalist |
Furnariidae |
Sittasomus griseicapillus |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Synallaxis albescens |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Synallaxis brachyura |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Xenops minutus |
Forest-affiliated |
Furnariidae |
Xiphorhynchus erythropygius |
Forest-affiliated |
Galbulidae |
Galbula ruficauda |
Forest-affiliated |
Hirundinidae |
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Momotidae |
Momotus momota |
Generalist |
Muscicapidae |
Catharus aurantiirostris |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Muscicapidae |
Rhodinocichla rosea |
Not classified |
Muscicapidae |
Turdus assimilis |
Generalist |
Muscicapidae |
Turdus grayi |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Odontophoridae |
Odontophorus gujanensis |
Forest-affiliated |
Picidae |
Campephilus guatemalensis |
Forest-affiliated |
Picidae |
Dryocopus lineatus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Picidae |
Melanerpes rubricapillus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Picidae |
Piculus rubiginosus |
Forest-affiliated |
Picidae |
Picumnus olivaceus |
Generalist |
Picidae |
Veniliornis fumigatus |
Generalist |
Psittacidae |
Aratinga finschi |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Psittacidae |
Brotogeris jugularis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Psittacidae |
Pionopsitta haematotis |
Forest-affiliated |
Psittacidae |
Pionus menstruus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Psittacidae |
Pionus senilis |
Generalist |
Rallidae |
Aramides cajanea |
Generalist |
Rallidae |
Laterallus albigularis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Rallidae |
Porphyrula martinica |
Not classified |
Ramphastidae |
Aulacorhynchus prasinus |
Forest-affiliated |
Ramphastidae |
Pterglossus frantzii |
Generalist |
Ramphastidae |
Ramphastos swainsonii |
Forest-affiliated |
Thamnophilidae |
Cercomacra tyrannina |
Not classified |
Thamnophilidae |
Dysithamnus mentalis |
Forest-affiliated |
Thamnophilidae |
Myrmotherula schisticolor |
Forest-affiliated |
Thamnophilidae |
Taraba major |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Thamnophilidae |
Thamnophilus bridgesi |
Forest-affiliated |
Tinamidae |
Crypturellus soui |
Generalist |
Tinamidae |
Tinamus major |
Forest-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Amazilia decora |
Generalist |
Trochilidae |
Amazilia edward |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Amazilia tzacatl |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Chlorostilbon assimilis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Glaucis aenea |
Not classified |
Trochilidae |
Heliodoxa jacula |
Forest-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Heliomaster longirostris |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Phaeochroa cuvierii |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Phaethornis guy |
Forest-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Phaethornis longuemareus |
Generalist |
Trochilidae |
Thalurania colombica |
Forest-affiliated |
Trochilidae |
Threnetes ruckeri |
Not classified |
Trogonidae |
Trogon violaceus |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Attila spadiceus |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Camptostoma obsoletum |
Not classified |
Tyrannidae |
Capsiempis flaveola |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Contopus sordidulus |
Generalist |
Tyrannidae |
Corapipo altera |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Elaenia chiriquensis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Elaenia flavogaster |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Legatus leucophaius |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Lophotriccus pileatus |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Manacus aurantiacus |
Not classified |
Tyrannidae |
Megarhynchus pitangua |
Not classified |
Tyrannidae |
Mionectes oleagineus |
Generalist |
Tyrannidae |
Myiarchus tuberculifer |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Myiobius sulphureipygius |
Not classified |
Tyrannidae |
Myiopagis viridicata |
Generalist |
Tyrannidae |
Myiophobus fasciatus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Myiozetetes granadensis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Myiozetetes similis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Pachyramphus polychopterus |
Generalist |
Tyrannidae |
Pipra coronata |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Pitangus sulphuratus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Platyrinchus coronatus |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Platyrinchus mystaceus |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Poecilotriccus sylvia |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Rhynchocyclus brevirostris |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Serpophaga cinerea |
Not classified |
Tyrannidae |
Tityra semifasciata |
Generalist |
Tyrannidae |
Todirostrum cinereum |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Tolmomyias sulphurescens |
Forest-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Tyrannulus elatus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Tyrannus melancholicus |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Tyrannidae |
Zimmerius vilissimus |
Generalist |
Vireonidae |
Cyclarhis gujanensis |
Agriculture-affiliated |
Vireonidae |
Hylophilus decurtatus |
Forest-affiliated |
Vireonidae |
Vireolanius pulchellus |
Forest-affiliated |