Ecological Archives E081-006-A1

Selina S. Heppell, Hal Caswell, and Larry B. Crowder. 2000. Life histories and elasticity patterns: perturbation analysis for species with minimal demographic data. Ecology 81:654-665.

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Life-table sources, parameters, and results for 50 mammal populations.
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Common name		Species		Order		Family		Source		Age at first reproduction (yr)		Maximum age (yr)		Mean female offspring per female		Mean fertility (F)		Mean adult survival (P)		R0		Tc		e0		ea		la		l		Age-specific fertilities?
Dall's sheep		Ovis dalli		Artiodactyla		Bovidae		Murie (1944)		2		12		0.5		0.14		0.88		1.00		5.71		3.29		7.89		0.25		1.00		no
								[cited in
								Deevey
								(1947)]
Thar		Hemitragus		Artiodactyla		Bovidae		Caughley		1		12		0.33		0.15		0.85		0.98		5.43		3.97		6.36		0.47		1.00		yes
		jemlahicus						(1966)
Waterbuck		Kobus defassa		Artiodactyla		Bovidae		Spinage (1970)		2		12		0.34		0.17		0.82		0.90		4.92		4.10		5.37		0.49		0.98		no
Wildebeest		Connochaetes		Artiodactyla		Bovidae		Attwell (1982)		2		16		0.38		0.15		0.84		0.78		6.70		3.46		6.06		0.34		0.96		yes
		taurinus
Black-tailed		Odocolius		Artiodactyla		Cervidae		Taber and		1		9		0.36		0.23		0.87		1.30		4.24		4.60		5.73		0.63		1.07		no
deer A		hemionus						Dasman
								(1957)
Black-tailed		Odocolius		Artiodactyla		Cervidae		Taber and		1		9		0.74		0.35		0.78		1.43		3.65		2.94		4.08		0.47		1.11		no
deer B		hemionus						Dasman
								(1957)		1		9		0.74		0.35		0.78		1.43		3.65		2.94		4.08		0.47		1.11		no
Red deer		Cervus elaphus		Artiodactyla		Cervidae		Lowe (1969)		2		15		0.34		0.30		0.80		1.32		4.86		5.69		4.92		0.78		1.06		yes
Reindeer		Rangifer		Artiodactyla		Cervidae		Leader-Williams		2		11		0.45		0.23		0.79		1.02		4.21		3.75		4.63		0.49		1.01		yes
		tarandus						(1988)
Warthog		Phacochoerus		Artiodactyla		Suidae		Rodgers (1984)		2		12		1.40		0.43		0.77		0.92		4.82		1.97		4.18		0.16		0.98		no
		aethiopicus
Hippopotamus		Hippopotamus		Artiodactyla		Hippopotamidae		Laws (1968)		10		45		0.17		0.09		0.94		0.94		20.64		10.56		16.65		0.34		1.00		no
		amphibius
Zebra		Equus burchelli		Perrisodactyla		Equidae		Spinage		3		20		0.24		0.20		0.89		1.45		8.12		8.44		8.78		0.67		1.05		no
								(1972), Smuts
								(1976)
African		Loxodonta		Proboscidea		Elephantidae		Laws (1966)		14		60		0.10		0.07		0.94		1.01		26.62		19.58		17.74		0.57		1.00		no
elephant		africana
Red fox		Vulpes vulpes		Carnivora		Canidae		Harris and		1		8		1.41		0.62		0.51		1.26		2.04		1.90		2.02		0.44		1.12		yes
								Smith
								(1987)
Lion		Panthera leo		Carnivora		Felidae		Packer et al.		2		17		0.39		0.19		0.90		0.75		7.21		5.34		9.75		0.40		0.96		yes
								(1988)
Lynx		Lynx rufus		Carnivora		Felidae		Quinn and		1		9		1.15		1.01		0.56		2.25		3.86		2.96		2.23		0.88		1.27		yes
								Thompson
								(1987)
Black bear		Ursus		Carnivora		Ursidae		Yodzis and		5		19		0.48		0.24		0.86		0.94		10.27		4.48		6.95		0.28		0.99		yes
		americanus						Kolenosky
								(1986)
Badger		Taxidea taxus		Carnivora		Mustelidae		Messick and		1		11		0.81		0.37		0.53		0.78		2.71		1.97		0.97		0.45		0.92		yes
								Hornocker
								(1981)
Black-footed		Mustela nigripes		Carnivora		Mustelidae		Seal et al.		1		8		1.54		0.43		0.60		1.06		2.42		1.69		2.45		0.28		1.02		no
ferret								(1989)
Northern fur		Callorhinus		Carnivora		Otariidae		Barlow and		3		20		0.33		0.18		0.90		1.00		10.38		5.00		10.00		0.31		1.00		yes
seal		ursinus						Boveng
								(1991)
Northern sea		Eumetopias		Carnivora		Otariidae		York (1994)		4		26		0.28		0.22		0.86		0.88		9.41		6.05		7.14		0.44		0.99		yes
lion		jubatus
Harbor seal		Phoca vitulina		Carnivora		Phocidae		Reijnders		4		35		0.41		0.16		0.89		0.94		12.18		4.35		8.54		0.27		0.99		yes
								(1978)
Southern		Mirounga		Carnivora		Phocidae		Bester and		3		23		0.37		0.23		0.80		0.66		8.33		3.84		5.03		0.35		0.95		yes
elephant		leonina						Wilkinson
seal								(1994)
Manatee		Trichechus		Sirenia		Trichechidae		Eberhardt and		4		50		0.19		0.15		0.91		1.18		13.23		9.32		10.63		0.58		1.01		no
		manatus						O'Shea
								(1995)
Sei whale		Balaenoptera		Cetacea		Balaenopteridae		Smith (1977)		6		60		0.11		0.10		0.94		1.22		22.61		15.96		16.41		0.66		1.01		yes
		borealis
Gray whale		Eschrichtius		Cetacea		Eschrichtiidae		Reilly (1984)		8		60		0.23		0.21		0.95		1.73		22.28		12.94		17.17		0.43		1.03		no
		robustus
Orca		Orcinus orca		Cetacea		Delphinidae		Olesiuk et al.		13		60		0.07		0.07		0.99		2.17		27.58		42.76		39.70		0.79		1.03		yes
								(1990)
Short-finned		Globicephala		Cetacea		Delphinidae		Kasuya and		7		60		0.06		0.06		0.97		1.08		19.12		23.03		27.60		0.62		1.00		yes
pilot		macrorhynchus						Marsh (1984)
whale
Vervet monkey		Cercopithecus		Primata		Cercopithecidae		Cheney et al.		5		12		0.43		0.16		0.88		0.61		7.84		3.73		5.34		0.27		0.94		no
		aethiops						(1988)
Chimpanzee		Pan troglodytes		Primata		Hominidae		Goodall (1986)		14		50		0.09		0.08		0.95		0.44		23.98		12.31		15.01		0.32		0.97		no
Gorilla		Gorilla gorilla		Primata		Hominidae		Weber and		8		40		0.12		0.09		0.95		1.32		19.34		17.21		16.76		0.67		1.01		no
								Vedder (1983)
Short-tailed fruit		Carollia		Chiroptera		Phyllostomidae		Fleming (1988)		1		10		0.65		0.35		0.66		1.01		3.14		2.56		2.90		0.54		1.00		no
bat		perspicillata
Little brown bat		Myotis lucifugus		Chiroptera		Vesperillidae		Humphrey and		1		12		0.5		0.16		0.86		0.92		4.76		2.85		5.90		0.31		0.98		no
								Cope (1976)
Beaver		Castor		Rodentia		Castoridae		Payne (1984)		1		19		0.71		0.33		0.65		0.94		4.64		2.32		2.87		0.46		0.99		yes
		canadensis
Coypu		Myocastor		Rodentia		Myocastoridae		Gorostiague		2		6		2.81		1.09		0.52		0.97		2.92		1.73		2.00		0.17		0.99		yes
		coypus						and Regidor
								(1993)
Jumping mouse		Zapus princeps		Rodentia		Dipodidae		Falk and Millar		1		6		1.33		0.41		0.59		1.00		1.96		1.75		2.44		0.31		1.00		yes
								(1987)
Yellow-bellied		Marmota		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Armitage and		2		7		1.14		0.53		0.75		0.81		3.92		2.18		3.30		0.22		0.95		yes
marmot		flaviventris						Downhower
								(1974)
Belding's		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Sherman and		1		9		1.70		0.66		0.52		1.36		2.44		1.80		2.08		0.39		1.14		yes
ground		beldingi						Morton (1984)
squirrel
Daurian ground		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Luo and Fox		1		7		1.42		0.47		0.54		1.00		2.58		1.70		2.15		0.33		1.00		yes
squirrel		dauricus						(1990)
Golden-mantled		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Bronson (1979)		1		6		1.56		0.33		0.69		1.00		3.51		1.64		3.06		0.21		1.00		yes
ground squirrel		lateralis
Columbian		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Zammuto and		1		5		1.86		0.56		0.46		1.01		2.18		1.54		1.81		0.30		1.00		yes
ground		columbianus						Millar (1985)
squirrel A
Columbian		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Zammuto and		1		7		1.01		0.40		0.61		0.99		2.69		1.99		2.47		0.40		1.00		yes
ground		columbianus						Millar (1985)
squirrel B
Columbian		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Zammuto and		2		7		1.03		0.71		0.57		1.01		3.53		2.67		2.26		0.44		1.00		yes
ground		columbianus						Millar (1985)
squirrel C
Columbian		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Zammuto and		1		7		1.13		0.41		0.60		1.01		2.77		1.89		2.47		0.36		1.00		yes
ground		columbianus						Millar (1985)
squirrel D
Columbian		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Zammuto and		2		5		1.74		0.38		0.72		1.00		3.21		1.79		2.61		0.22		1.00		yes
ground		columbianus						Millar (1985)
squirrel E
Uinta ground		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Slade and		1		5		1.62		0.54		0.43		0.93		1.87		1.57		1.72		0.33		0.96		yes
squirrel A		armatus						Balph
								(1974)
Uinta ground		Spermophilus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Slade and		1		7		1.99		0.79		0.54		1.69		2.21		1.85		2.13		0.40		1.30		yes
Gray squirrel		Sciurus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Barkalow et al.		<1		7		1.94		0.49		0.60		1.17		2.72		1.60		2.38		0.25		1.06		yes
		carolinensis						(1970)
Red squirrel		Tamiasciurus		Rodentia		Sciuridae		Kemp and		1		6		1.9		0.63		0.52		1.30		1.83		1.68		2.07		0.33		1.16		no
		hudsonicus						Keith
								(1970)
European hare		Lepus		Lagomorpha		Leporidae		Marboutin and		2		6		9.9		0.66		0.51		0.50		2.98		1.12		1.97		0.03		0.80		yes
		europaeus						Peroux (1995)
Snowshoe hare		Lepus		Lagomorpha		Leporidae		Meslow and		1		4		9.3		0.95		0.20		1.19		1.25		1.13		1.25		0.10		1.15		no
		americanus						Keith (1968)
Notes: Female offspring per female, mean fertility (F) (includes offspring survival to age 1), and mean adult survival (P) are weighted according to age-specific survivorship (Eqs. 8 and 9). R0 = net reproductive rate (Eq. 1), Tc = mean generation time (Eq. 2), e0 = life expectancy at birth (Eq. 3), ea = life expectancy at maturity (Eq. 4), la = survivorship to maturity, l = population growth rate. Life tables that included age-specific fertilities are noted.

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