Ecological Archives E082-006-A1

Ji X. He and Donald J. Stewart. 2001. Age and size at first reproduction of fishes: predictive models based only on growth trajectories. Ecology 82: 784-792.

Appendix. Data for 85 fish species with 235 populations or sexual groups used to develop our model for the relations between growth and maturity.  If males and females were reported separately, the data are coded as "m" and "f", respectively.  If growth parameters apply to both males and females, but reproduction parameters are for females only, the data are coded as "b".   Linf is the asymptotic body length when age is infinity, Lr is the body length at which 50% of individuals attain their first reproduction, K is the von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, Tr is the age when 50% of individuals attain their first reproduction, t0  is a von Bertalanffy coefficient with the dimension of time.

Source, * Fish   Panel in Linf Lr K Tr t0
by authors
 species
 Sex
 Fig. 3
 (cm)
 (cm)
 yr-1
 yr
yr
43 Squalus acanthias f a 129.1 94.0 0.034 31.0 -7.30
    f a 125.1 93.7 0.031 34.0 -10.60
    m a 84.7 72.1 0.092 17.0 -3.70
    m a 96.1 72.6 0.067 16.0 -5.00
75 Squalus acanthias f a 114.9 94.1 0.044 35.5 -3.56
63 Squalus acanthias f a 100.5 79.7 0.106 12.0 -2.90
    m a 82.5 59.5 0.148 6.0 -2.67
14 Galeocerdo cuvieri b a 440.0 322.6 0.107 10.0 -2.35
    b a 388.0 315.7 0.184 8.0 -1.13
11 Sphyrna lewini b a 329.0 235.3 0.073 15.0 -2.20
  Carcharhinus falciformis b a 290.5 229.5 0.153 8.0 -2.20
12 Rhizoprionodon terraenovae b a 108.0 90.0 0.359 4.0 -0.99
13 Carcharhinus limbatus b a 176.0 157.4 0.274 7.0 -1.20
    b a 214.0 181.8 0.212 7.0 -1.94
46 Triakis semifasciata f a 160.2 97.0 0.073 10.0 -2.74
    m a 149.9 82.8 0.089 7.0 -2.03
66 Sphyrna tiburo f a 115.0 90.1 0.340 3.4 -1.10
    f a 103.3 83.0 0.370 3.8 -0.60
16 Carcharhinus plumbeus f a 299.0 146.9 0.040 12.0 -4.90
    m a 257.0 150.1 0.050 13.0 -4.50
73 Hippoglossoides platessoides b f 80.2 40.4 0.076 10.6 1.35
    b f 65.9 42.3 0.084 14.0 1.78
    b f 64.2 43.9 0.108 11.1 0.39
    b f 72.5 43.5 0.125 8.8 1.46
71, 72 Hippoglossoides platessoides m f 44.9 24.4 0.120 6.2 -0.30
    f f 65.5 41.9 0.070 14.8 0.18
    f f 65.0 42.5 0.090 14.0 2.18
    f f 73.0 53.6 0.100 13.6 0.37
    m f 50.0 20.0 0.090 5.8 0.13
    f f 60.0 39.2 0.070 15.2 0.02
    m f 55.3 25.0 0.100 7.3 1.31
    f f 65.0 42.5 0.090 14.0 2.18
    m f 58.8 25.2 0.120 5.3 0.65
    f f 71.0 48.0 0.100 12.2 0.91
    m f 57.7 28.4 0.120 5.5 -0.18
    f f 73.0 53.6 0.100 13.6 0.37
    m f 60.0 27.2 0.090 7.5 0.78
    f f 64.9 45.8 0.090 14.2 0.65
86 Pleuronectes americanus f   49.0 28.5 0.270 3.3 0.07
    f   49.0 28.1 0.310 3.0 0.25
56 Trinectes maculatus b   20.2 10.0 0.213 1.0 3.00
37 Pleuronectes platessa     59.4 28.8 0.110 3.0  
        54.4 26.6 0.110 2.5  
37 Solea solea     49.8 24.2 0.130 2.5  
        39.2 24.8 0.280 2.5 10.00
  Glyptocephalus cynoglossus m   69.8 32.3 0.081 7.4 -0.28
    f   72.5 43.8 0.102 9.0 -0.08
    m   64.1 33.1 0.084 8.0 -0.64
    f   65.4 42.6 0.087 11.8 -0.31
    m   105.5 33.3 0.047 7.4 -0.67
    f   171.7 43.0 0.026 10.2 -0.87
9 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus m   44.2 31.4 0.232 6.2 0.86
    f   54.9 40.2 0.136 10.0 0.30
    m   60.5 28.4 0.099 5.1 -1.35
    f   63.8 43.3 0.111 10.2 -0.02
    m   55.9 32.7 0.212 5.6 1.44
    f   61.9 44.9 0.192 8.4 1.69
    m   52.6 31.6 0.269 4.2 0.78
    f   64.7 48.4 0.164 8.6 0.20
    m   58.0 32.8 0.130 4.2 -2.20
    f   74.0 43.9 0.101 8.6 -0.29
64 Alosa pseudoharengus f   21.4 15.8 0.405 3.0  
15 Alosa pseudoharengus f   20.2 14.4 0.522 2.0  
    m   18.7 14.4 0.652 2.0  
65 Alosa pseudoharengus f   17.3 13.1 0.693 2.0  
    m   16.8 13.1 0.694 2.0  
26 Leuciscus pyrenaicus b g 20.8 7.5 0.145 3.0  
20 Cyprinus carpio b g 60.7 25.1 0.163 3.0  
25 Cyprinus carpio b g 63.1 19.4 0.202 2.0  
50 Rutilus rutilus f g 43.0 13.0 0.129 3.0  
    m g 40.0 9.2 0.143 2.0  
    f g 37.0 11.8 0.145 3.0  
    m g 24.0 8.6 0.245 2.0  
51 Leuciscus leuciscus f g 25.7 17.9 0.310 4.0  
    m g 23.3 16.3 0.285 4.0  
    m g 25.8 15.4 0.338 3.0  
    f g 23.8 16.0 0.259 4.0  
53 Squalius cephalus m g 43.8 24.1 0.190 5.0  
    f g 51.9 32.5 0.150 7.0  
74 Rutilus arcasii b g 13.3 3.7 0.269 1.2 -0.01
    b g 12.0 5.1 0.258 2.0 -0.12
82 Bagrus meridionalis f   109.2 37.0 0.092 3.4 -0.20
    m   104.8 33.0 0.091 3.1 -0.20
52 Esox lucius m   77.0 40.2 0.350 2.0  
    f   100.0 41.6 0.240 2.0  
    f   115.0 37.0 0.210 2.0  
    m   110.0 38.0 0.210 2.0  
45 Esox lucius f   105.8 39.0 0.226 2.0  
    f   101.5 44.0 0.306 2.0  
    f   98.5 42.0 0.285 2.0  
    m   82.1 41.0 0.354 2.0  
    m   80.2 37.0 0.289 2.0  
    m   78.3 40.0 0.345 2.0  
29 Osmerus mordax b   32.5 22.0 0.224 6.0 0.50
61 Osmerus mordax f   25.8 19.7 0.639 2.0  
    m   25.5 18.8 0.517 2.0  
5 Osmerus mordax f   34.3 19.3 0.304 3.0  
    m   22.5 15.0 0.723 2.0  
57 Coregonus artedi b   34.5 27.0 0.247 6.0 -0.20
23 Coregonus hoyi b   32.4 18.3 0.221 3.0  
    b   27.6 17.0 0.261 3.0  
38 Coregonus clupeaformis f   54.0 28.6 0.110 7.0  
    f   44.0 35.4 0.180 9.0  
    f   58.5 47.6 0.140 12.0  
    f   73.5 41.9 0.090 9.0  
    f   50.5 32.1 0.090 11.0  
    f   61.5 55.7 0.420 5.0  
    f   68.5 53.5 0.310 5.0  
    f   57.5 53.1 0.320 8.0  
    f   66.5 47.3 0.310 4.0  
22 Coregonus clupeaformis b   75.0 42.4 0.133 6.0  
57 Coregonus clupeaformis b   39.8 30.7 0.208 7.0 -0.10
39 Prosopium cylindraceum b   45.4 21.9 0.117 5.0  
4 Prosopium cylindraceum b   45.9 27.4 0.204 4.0  
49 Prosopium cylindraceum b   54.9 20.1 0.084 5.0  
2 Prosopium cylindraceum b   52.1 25.5 0.374 2.0  
60 Prosopium cylindraceum b   51.8 31.2 0.320 3.0  
57 Prosopium cylindraceum b   37.0 21.1 0.211 4.0 -0.01
67, 68 Galaxias occidentalis m   10.9 7.0 0.758 1.0 -0.34
    f   12.4 7.5 0.762 1.0 -0.22
69 Galaxiella munda m   4.4 4.3 4.217 1.0 0.00
    f   4.9 4.7 3.702 1.0 0.00
70 Galaxiella nigrostriata m   3.5 3.3 3.230 1.0 -0.03
    f   4.1 3.7 2.460 1.0  
  Galaxiella pusilla m   2.9 2.4 4.680 1.0  
    f   3.0 2.8 6.110 1.0  
47 Salmo trutta b   65.9 20.1 0.183 2.0  
40 Salvelinus alpinus b   13.3 9.8 0.333 4.0  
    b   20.5 18.0 0.417 5.0  
    b   55.4 27.5 0.086 8.0  
    b   30.2 26.0 0.328 6.0  
41 Salvelinus namaycush b h 96.7 59.4 0.160 6.0 0.04
    b h 91.5 62.0 0.190 6.0 0.04
    b h 91.5 62.0 0.190 6.0 0.05
24 Salvelinus namaycush f h 85.9 57.2 0.244 4.0  
    m h 84.2 65.0 0.251 5.0  
80, 81 Salvelinus namaycush b h 57.8 41.4 0.157 8.3 -0.04
    b h 50.8 37.8 0.141 12.1 -0.65
    b h 61.0 45.2 0.130 10.8 -0.40
    b h 61.9 44.5 0.205 6.7 -0.20
    b h 68.4 51.7 0.155 9.5 -0.09
    b h 63.9 48.5 0.229 6.9 -0.21
19 Cottus cognatus b d 15.3 7.4 0.136 4.0  
84 Clinocottus analis f d 96.3 63.3 1.000 1.0 -0.07
    m d 119.0 63.9 0.700 1.0 -0.10
6 Sebastes emphaeus f d 170.7 121.7 0.535 1.9 -0.46
21 Cottus asperrimus b d 9.3 4.4 0.195 3.0  
  Cottus pitensis b d 13.9 5.6 0.199 3.0  
  Cottus klamathensis b d 9.8 5.5 0.275 3.0  
48 Sebastes serranoides f d 47.8 36.2 0.229 5.0  
    m d 42.7 32.8 0.283 4.0  
77, 78 Gasterosteus aculeatus b   7.4 4.7 1.770 0.6  
    b   7.5 4.4 1.780 0.5  
59 Nannatherina balstoni f   8.3 5.7 1.310 0.8 -0.10
    m   7.1 4.9 1.690 0.6 -0.08
54 Perca fluviatilis f   35.2 22.6 0.394 3.0  
    m   35.4 15.2 0.320 2.0  
17 Perca fluviatilis f   25.5 16.5 0.310 3.0  
    m   23.1 15.3 0.300 3.0  
    f   22.9 17.5 0.500 3.0  
    m   21.3 15.6 0.380 3.0  
83 Perca flavescens b i 27.0 18.8 0.424 3.0 0.20
85 Perca flavescens m i 30.0 16.2 0.417 2.0  
    f i 37.0 22.7 0.329 3.0  
30, 62, 87, 88 Stizostedion vitreum f i 80.7 45.4 0.249 3.0  
    f i 77.8 45.1 0.297 3.0  
    f i 70.7 46.5 0.340 3.0  
    m i 62.0 33.7 0.376 2.0  
    m i 59.1 31.0 0.400 2.0  
    m i 55.3 36.9 0.520 2.0  
18 Stizostedion vitreum f i 54.4 44.1 0.292 5.0 -0.68
    f i 46.6 37.6 0.215 7.0 -0.63
    f i 62.2 45.5 0.253 5.0 -0.19
7 Lepomis macrochirus     22.8 7.9 0.206 2.0  
36 Tilapia galilaea m   36.0 23.0 0.550 2.0  
    f   33.4 22.0 0.490 2.0  
  Tilapia aurea     32.9 19.0 0.600 2.0  
  Tilapia esculenta     32.5 23.0 0.501 2.5  
        33.5 23.0 0.360 2.8  
        33.5 22.5 0.392 2.8  
        32.4 24.0 0.310 3.5  
  Tilapia saka     34.7 26.0 0.560 3.0  
  Tilapia zillii m   28.1 14.7 0.503 1.0  
    f   21.1 13.5 0.659 1.0  
  Tristamella simonis simonis     19.8 14.5 0.625 2.0  
  Tristamella simonis intermedius     21.2 14.5 0.710 2.0  
  Boulengerochromis microlepis     52.9 40.0 0.560 2.5  
  Haplochromis virginalis     12.1 10.6 0.778 3.0  
  Haplochromis quadrimaculatus     19.0 16.0 0.650 3.0  
  Haplochromis pleurostigmoides     14.4 13.0 0.764 3.0  
28 Tylochromis bangwelensis b   30.5 16.2 0.165 4.0  
44 Ophicephalus striatus b   52.0 23.3 0.210 2.5 -0.33
31 Chondrostoma polylepis b   21.8 4.7 0.247 1.0  
37 Clupea harengus     30.3 22.1 0.440 1.0  
        29.0 22.6 0.660 1.6  
37 Merlangius merlangus     56.3 28.4 0.110 1.5  
        42.4 20.2 0.320 1.5  
32 Sillago robusta m b 17.2 11.0 0.980 1.0 -0.04
    f b 16.9 15.0 1.030 2.0 -0.11
  Sillago bassensis f b 32.9 20.6 0.260 3.0 -0.80
    m b 30.7 20.4 0.290 3.0 -0.75
33 Sillago burrus m b 17.9 16.4 2.440 1.0  
    f b 18.8 17.0 2.370 1.0 0.01
  Sillago vittata f b 33.1 13.4 0.430 1.0 -0.21
    m b 31.2 13.3 0.450 1.0 -0.23
34 Sillago schomburgkii m b 32.5 21.5 0.490 2.0 -0.22
    f b 33.3 22.7 0.530 2.0 -0.16
35 Sillaginodes punctata m b 50.0 43.5 0.530 4.0 0.16
    f b 53.2 44.6 0.470 4.0 0.13
37 Micromesistius poutassou   e 37.1 25.1 0.230 2.3  
  Melanogrammus aeglefinus   e 67.9 30.6 0.160 2.0  
      e 68.3 33.5 0.190 2.5  
37 Pollachius virens   e 177.1 55.4 0.070 4.6  
      e 157.7 54.6 0.070 4.9  
37 Gadus morhua   e 123.1 69.7 0.230 3.8  
      e 98.5 60.9 0.390 2.5  
27 Gadus morhua b e 126.8 74.0 0.091 7.5  
    b e 67.9 46.0 0.155 5.4  
3 Lophius americanus f e 157.6 48.2 0.095 4.0 0.16
    m e 105.9 37.7 0.157 3.0 0.20
42 Coryphaenoides rupestris f e 19.5 11.8 0.101 10.0 0.80
    m e 15.5 10.2 0.128 9.0 0.54
8 Coryphaenoides rupestris f e 18.1 12.0 0.100 10.0 -0.90
    m e 14.7 9.3 0.105 8.0 -1.50
37 Trachurus trachurus   c 34.1 18.9 0.190 2.5  
37 Trisopterus esmarkii   c 22.6 18.6 0.520 2.3  
55 Micropogonias furnieri f c 82.9 30.5 0.130 3.4 -0.13
    m c 65.3 28.4 0.160 3.4 -0.16
79 Scomberomorus cavalla f c 131.4 58.6 0.175 3.0  
    m c 106.1 57.6 0.221 3.0  
37 Scomber scombrus   c 39.9 26.2 0.360 1.8  
58 Scomber scombrus b c 42.9 33.2 0.360 3.0  
76 Menticirrhus americanus m c 29.2 13.7 0.637 1.0 0.01
    f c 47.7 22.2 0.274 2.0 -0.28
1 Liza subviridis f c 34.4 15.0 0.263 2.0  

Literature Cited:

(* Age or size at first reproduction are from literature cited. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters are from literature cited or calculated from length-at-age data in those literature.)

   1)  Al-Daham, N. K., and N. K. Wahab  1991.  Age, growth and reproduction of the greenbak mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), in an estuary in Southern Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology 38: 81-88.
   2)  Armstrong, J. W., C. R. Liston, P. I. Tack, and R. C. Anderson  1977.  Age, growth, maturity, and seasonal food habits of round whitefish, Prosopium cylindraceum, in Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 106: 151-155.
   3)  Armstrong, M. P., J. A. Musick, J. A. Colvocoresses. 1992.  Age, growth, and reproduction of the goosefish Lophius americanus (Pisces:Lophiiformes). Fishery Bulletin  90: 217-230.
   4)  Bailey, M. M.  1963.  Age, growth, and maturity of round whitefish of the Apostle Islands and Isle Royale regions, Lake Superior. Fishery Bulletin 63: 63-75.
   5)  Bailey, M. M. 1964. Age, growth, maturity and sex composition of the American smelt, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill), of western Lake Superior. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 93: 382-395.
   6)  Beckmann, A. T., D. R. Gunderson, B. S. Miller, R. M. Buckley, and B. Goetz 1998.  Reproductive biology, growth and natural mortality of Puget Sound rockfish, Sebastes emphaeus (Starks, 1911). Fishery Bulletin 96: 352-356.
   7)  Belk, M. C., and L. S. Hales 1993. Predation-induced differences in growth and reproduction of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). Copeia 1993: 1034-1044.
   8)  Bergstad, O. A.  1990.  Distribution, population structure, growth and reproduction of the roundnose grenadier Coryphaenoides rupestris (Pisces: Macrouridae) in the deep waters of the skagerrak. Marine Biology 107: 25-39.
   9)  Bowering, W. R.  1976.  Distribution, age and growth, and sexual maturity of witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) in Newfoundland waters. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33: 1574-1584.
 10)  Bowering, W. R.  1989.  Witch flounder distribution off southern Newfoundland, and changes in age, growth, and sexual maturity patterns with commercial exploitation. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 118: 659-669.
 11)  Branstetter, S.  1987a.  Age growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis, and the scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini, from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Biology of Fishes 19: 161-173.
 12)  Branstetter, S.  1987b.  Age and growth validation of new born sharks held in laboratory aquaria, with comments on the life history of the Atlantic sharpnose shark. Copeia 1987: 291-300.
 13)  Branstetter, S.  1987c.  Age and growth estimates for blacktip, Carcharhinus limbatus, and spinner, C. Brevipinna, sharks from the northwestern gulf of Mexico. Copeia 1987: 964-974.
 14)  Branstetter, S., J. A. Musick, and J. A. Colvocoresses 1987.  A comparison of the age and growth of the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvieri, from off virginia and from the northwestern gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin 85: 269-279.
 15)  Brown, E. H.  1972.  Population biology of alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, in Lake Michigan, 1949-70. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29: 477-500.
 16)  Casey, J. G., H. L. Pratt, Jr., and C. E. Stillwell 1985.  Age and growth of the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) from the western North Atlantic. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 963-975.
 17)  Craig, J. F.  1980.  Growth and production of the 1955 to 1972 cohorts of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology 49: 291-235.
 18)  Craig, J. F., J. A. Babaluk, S. G. Stevenson, and P. C. Williams 1995. Variation in growth and reproduction of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) in three Manitoba lakes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 367-372.
 19)  Craig, P. C., and J. Wells 1976.  Life history notes for a population of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) in an Alaskan arctic stream. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 33: 1639-1642.
 20)  Crivelli, A. J.  1981.  The biology of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. in the Camargue, southern France. Journal of Fish Biology 18: 271-290.
 21)  Daniels, R. A.  1987.  Comparative life histories and microhabitat use in three sympatric sculpins (Cottidae: Cottus) in northeastern California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 19: 93-110.
 22)  Dryer, W. R.  1963.  Age and growth of the whitefish in Lake Superior. Fishery Bulletin 63: 77-95.
 23)  Dryer, W. R., and J. Beil 1968.  Growth changes of the Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) of the Apostle Islands Region of Lake Superior. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 97: 146-158.
 24)  Elrod, J. H., R. O'Gorman, and C. P. Schneider 1996.  Bathythermal distribution, maturity, and growth of lake trout strains stocked in U.S. waters of Lake Ontario, 1978-1993. Journal of Great Lakes Research 22: 722-743.
 25)  Fernandez-Delgado, C.  1990.  Life history patterns of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the estuary of the Guadalquivir river in south-west Spain. Hydrobiology 206: 19-28.
 26)  Fernandez-Delgado, C., and M. Herrera  1995.  Age structure, growth and reproduction of Leuciscus pyrenaicus in an intermittent stream in the Guadalquivir river basin, southern Spain. Journal of Fish Biology 46: 371-380.
 27)  Fleming, A. M.  1960.  Age, growth and sexual maturity of cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Newfoundland Area, 1947-1950. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 17: 775-809.
 28)  Griffith, J. S.  1977.  Growth of the Cichlid fish Tylochromis bangwelensis in Lake Bangweulu, Zambia. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 106: 146-150.
 29)  Haldorson, L., and P. Craig 1984.  Life history and ecology of a Pacific-arctic population of rainbow smelt in costal waters of the Beaufort Sea. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 113: 33-38.
 30)  Hatch, R. W., S. J. Nepszy, K. M. Muth, and C. T. Baker 1987. Dynamics of the recovery of the western Lake Erie walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) stock. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44(Suppl.2): 15-22.
 31)  Herrera, M., and C. Fernandez-Delgado  1994.  The age, growth and reproduction of Chondrostoma polylepis Willkommi in a seasonal stream in the Guadalquivir river basin (sourthern Spain). Journal of Fish Biology 44: 11-22.
 32)  Hyndes, G. A., and I. C. Potter  1996a.  Comparisons between the age strutures, growth and reproductive biology of two co-occurring sillaginids, Sillago robusta and S. bassensis, in temperate coastal waters of Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 49: 14-32.
 33)  Hyndes, G. A., I. C. Potter, and S. A. Hesp 1996. Relationships between the movements, growth, age structures, and reproductive biology of the teleosts Sillago burrus and S. vittata in temperate marine waters. Marine Biology 126: 549-558.
 34)  Hyndes, G. A., and I. C. Potter  1997.  Age, growth and reproduction of Sillago schomburgkii in south-western Australian nearshore waters and comparisons of life history styles of a suite of sillago species. Environmental Biology of Fishes 49: 435-44.
 35)  Hyndes, G. A., M. E. Platell, I. C. Potter, and R. C. J. Lenanton  1998.  Age composition, growth, reproductive biology, and recruitment of King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctata, in coastal waters of southwestern Australia. Fishery Bulletin 96: 258-270.
 36)  Iles, T. D. 1971.  Ecological aspects of growth in African cichlid fishes. Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 33: 363-385.
 37)  Jennings, S., J. D. Reynolds, and S. C. Mills 1998.  Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265: 333-339.
 38)  Jensen, A. L.  1985.  Relations among net reproductive rate and life history parameters for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 42: 164-168.
 39)  Jessop, B. M., and G. Power 1973.  Age, growth, and maturity of round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) from the Leaf River, Ungava, Quebec. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30: 299-304.
 40)  Jonsson, B., S. Skulason, S. S. Snorrason, O. T. Sandlund, H. J. Malmquist, P. M. Jonasson, R. Gydemo, and T. Lindem. 1988.  Life history variation of polymorphic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in Thingvallavatn, Iceland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45: 1537-1547.
 41)  Keller, M., K. D. Smith, and R. W. Rybicki (editors)  1990.  Review of salmon and trout management in Lake Michigan. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Charlevoix Fisheries Station. Fisheries Special Report No. 14.
 42)  Kelly, C. J., P. L. Connolly, and J. J. Bracken 1997. Age estimation, growth, maturity and distribution of the roundnose grenadier from the Rockall trough. Journal of Fish Biology 50: 1-17.
 43)  Ketchen, K. S.  1975.  Age and growth of dogfish Squalus acanthias in British Columbia waters. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32: 43-59.
 44)  Kilambi, R. V.  1986.  Age, growth and reproductive strategy of the snakehead, Ophicephalus striatus Bloch, from Sri Lanka. Journal of Fish Biology 29: 13-22.
 45)  Kipling, C.  1983.  Changes in the growth of pike (Esox lucius) in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 647-657.
 46)  Kusher, D. I., S. E. Smith, and G. M. Cailliet 1992. Validated age and growth of the leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, with comments on reproduction. Environmental Biology of Fishes 35: 187-203.
 47)  Lobon-Cervia, J., C. Montanes, and A. de Sostoa 1986. Reproductive ecology and growth of a population of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in an aquifer-fed stream of Old Castile (Spain). Hydrobiology 135: 81-94.
 48)  Love, M. S., and W. V. Westphal 1981.  Growth, reproduction, and food habits of olive rockfish, Sebastes serranoides, off central California. Fishery Bulletin 79: 533-545.
 49)  Mackay, I., and G. Power 1968.  Age and growth of round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) from Ungava. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25: 657-666.
 50)  Mann, R. H. K.  1973.  Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) in two rivers in southern England. Journal of Fish Biology 5: 707-736.
 51)  Mann, R. H. K.  1974.  Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the dace Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) in two rivers in southrn England. Journal of Fish Biology 6: 237-253.
 52)  Mann, R. H. K.  1976.  Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the pike Esox lucius L. in two rivers in southern England. Journal of Fish Biology 8: 179-197.
 53)  Mann, R. H. K.  1976.  Observations on the age, growth, reproduction and food of the chub Squalius cephalus (L.) in the river Stour. Dorset. Journal of Fish Biology 8: 265-288.
 54)  Mann, R. H. K.  1978.  Observations on the biology of the perch, Perca fluviatilis, in the River Stour, Dorset. Freshwater Biology 8: 229-239.
 55)  Manickchand-Heileman, S. C., and J. S. Kenny 1990.  Reproduction, age, and growth of the whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest 1823) in Trinidad waters. Fishery Bulletin 88: 523-529.
 56)  Mansueti, R., and R. Pauly, 1956. Age and growth of the northern hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus, in the Patuxent river, Maryland. Copeia 1956: 60-62.
 57)  Morin, R., J. J. Dodson, and G. Power  1982.  Life history variations of anadromous cisco (Coregonus artedii), lake whitefish (C. clupeaformis), and round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) populations of eastern James-Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39: 958-967.
 58)  Moores, J. A., G. H. Winters, and L. S. Parsons 1975.  Migrations and biological characteristics of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) occurring in Newfoundland waters. Journal of The Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32: 1347-1357.
 59)  Morgan, D. L., H. S. Gill, and I. C. Potter 1995. Life cycle, growth and diet of Balston's pygmy perch in its natural habitat of acidic pools in south-western Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 47: 808-825.
 60)  Mraz, D.  1964.  Age and growth round whitefish in Lake Michigan. Transactions of American Fisheries Society 93: 46-57.
 61)  Murawski, S. A., and C. F. Cole 1978.  Population dynamics of anad