Ji X. He and Donald J. Stewart. 2001. Age and size at first reproduction of fishes: predictive models based only on growth trajectories. Ecology 82: 784-792.
Appendix. Data for 85 fish species with 235 populations or sexual groups used to develop our model for the relations between growth and maturity. If males and females were reported separately, the data are coded as "m" and "f", respectively. If growth parameters apply to both males and females, but reproduction parameters are for females only, the data are coded as "b". Linf is the asymptotic body length when age is infinity, Lr is the body length at which 50% of individuals attain their first reproduction, K is the von Bertalanffy growth coefficient, Tr is the age when 50% of individuals attain their first reproduction, t0 is a von Bertalanffy coefficient with the dimension of time.
| Source, * | Fish | Panel in | Linf | Lr | K | Tr | t0 | |
|
by authors |
species |
Sex |
Fig. 3 |
(cm) |
(cm) |
yr-1 |
yr |
yr |
| 43 | Squalus acanthias | f | a | 129.1 | 94.0 | 0.034 | 31.0 | -7.30 |
| f | a | 125.1 | 93.7 | 0.031 | 34.0 | -10.60 | ||
| m | a | 84.7 | 72.1 | 0.092 | 17.0 | -3.70 | ||
| m | a | 96.1 | 72.6 | 0.067 | 16.0 | -5.00 | ||
| 75 | Squalus acanthias | f | a | 114.9 | 94.1 | 0.044 | 35.5 | -3.56 |
| 63 | Squalus acanthias | f | a | 100.5 | 79.7 | 0.106 | 12.0 | -2.90 |
| m | a | 82.5 | 59.5 | 0.148 | 6.0 | -2.67 | ||
| 14 | Galeocerdo cuvieri | b | a | 440.0 | 322.6 | 0.107 | 10.0 | -2.35 |
| b | a | 388.0 | 315.7 | 0.184 | 8.0 | -1.13 | ||
| 11 | Sphyrna lewini | b | a | 329.0 | 235.3 | 0.073 | 15.0 | -2.20 |
| Carcharhinus falciformis | b | a | 290.5 | 229.5 | 0.153 | 8.0 | -2.20 | |
| 12 | Rhizoprionodon terraenovae | b | a | 108.0 | 90.0 | 0.359 | 4.0 | -0.99 |
| 13 | Carcharhinus limbatus | b | a | 176.0 | 157.4 | 0.274 | 7.0 | -1.20 |
| b | a | 214.0 | 181.8 | 0.212 | 7.0 | -1.94 | ||
| 46 | Triakis semifasciata | f | a | 160.2 | 97.0 | 0.073 | 10.0 | -2.74 |
| m | a | 149.9 | 82.8 | 0.089 | 7.0 | -2.03 | ||
| 66 | Sphyrna tiburo | f | a | 115.0 | 90.1 | 0.340 | 3.4 | -1.10 |
| f | a | 103.3 | 83.0 | 0.370 | 3.8 | -0.60 | ||
| 16 | Carcharhinus plumbeus | f | a | 299.0 | 146.9 | 0.040 | 12.0 | -4.90 |
| m | a | 257.0 | 150.1 | 0.050 | 13.0 | -4.50 | ||
| 73 | Hippoglossoides platessoides | b | f | 80.2 | 40.4 | 0.076 | 10.6 | 1.35 |
| b | f | 65.9 | 42.3 | 0.084 | 14.0 | 1.78 | ||
| b | f | 64.2 | 43.9 | 0.108 | 11.1 | 0.39 | ||
| b | f | 72.5 | 43.5 | 0.125 | 8.8 | 1.46 | ||
| 71, 72 | Hippoglossoides platessoides | m | f | 44.9 | 24.4 | 0.120 | 6.2 | -0.30 |
| f | f | 65.5 | 41.9 | 0.070 | 14.8 | 0.18 | ||
| f | f | 65.0 | 42.5 | 0.090 | 14.0 | 2.18 | ||
| f | f | 73.0 | 53.6 | 0.100 | 13.6 | 0.37 | ||
| m | f | 50.0 | 20.0 | 0.090 | 5.8 | 0.13 | ||
| f | f | 60.0 | 39.2 | 0.070 | 15.2 | 0.02 | ||
| m | f | 55.3 | 25.0 | 0.100 | 7.3 | 1.31 | ||
| f | f | 65.0 | 42.5 | 0.090 | 14.0 | 2.18 | ||
| m | f | 58.8 | 25.2 | 0.120 | 5.3 | 0.65 | ||
| f | f | 71.0 | 48.0 | 0.100 | 12.2 | 0.91 | ||
| m | f | 57.7 | 28.4 | 0.120 | 5.5 | -0.18 | ||
| f | f | 73.0 | 53.6 | 0.100 | 13.6 | 0.37 | ||
| m | f | 60.0 | 27.2 | 0.090 | 7.5 | 0.78 | ||
| f | f | 64.9 | 45.8 | 0.090 | 14.2 | 0.65 | ||
| 86 | Pleuronectes americanus | f | 49.0 | 28.5 | 0.270 | 3.3 | 0.07 | |
| f | 49.0 | 28.1 | 0.310 | 3.0 | 0.25 | |||
| 56 | Trinectes maculatus | b | 20.2 | 10.0 | 0.213 | 1.0 | 3.00 | |
| 37 | Pleuronectes platessa | 59.4 | 28.8 | 0.110 | 3.0 | |||
| 54.4 | 26.6 | 0.110 | 2.5 | |||||
| 37 | Solea solea | 49.8 | 24.2 | 0.130 | 2.5 | |||
| 39.2 | 24.8 | 0.280 | 2.5 | 10.00 | ||||
| Glyptocephalus cynoglossus | m | 69.8 | 32.3 | 0.081 | 7.4 | -0.28 | ||
| f | 72.5 | 43.8 | 0.102 | 9.0 | -0.08 | |||
| m | 64.1 | 33.1 | 0.084 | 8.0 | -0.64 | |||
| f | 65.4 | 42.6 | 0.087 | 11.8 | -0.31 | |||
| m | 105.5 | 33.3 | 0.047 | 7.4 | -0.67 | |||
| f | 171.7 | 43.0 | 0.026 | 10.2 | -0.87 | |||
| 9 | Glyptocephalus cynoglossus | m | 44.2 | 31.4 | 0.232 | 6.2 | 0.86 | |
| f | 54.9 | 40.2 | 0.136 | 10.0 | 0.30 | |||
| m | 60.5 | 28.4 | 0.099 | 5.1 | -1.35 | |||
| f | 63.8 | 43.3 | 0.111 | 10.2 | -0.02 | |||
| m | 55.9 | 32.7 | 0.212 | 5.6 | 1.44 | |||
| f | 61.9 | 44.9 | 0.192 | 8.4 | 1.69 | |||
| m | 52.6 | 31.6 | 0.269 | 4.2 | 0.78 | |||
| f | 64.7 | 48.4 | 0.164 | 8.6 | 0.20 | |||
| m | 58.0 | 32.8 | 0.130 | 4.2 | -2.20 | |||
| f | 74.0 | 43.9 | 0.101 | 8.6 | -0.29 | |||
| 64 | Alosa pseudoharengus | f | 21.4 | 15.8 | 0.405 | 3.0 | ||
| 15 | Alosa pseudoharengus | f | 20.2 | 14.4 | 0.522 | 2.0 | ||
| m | 18.7 | 14.4 | 0.652 | 2.0 | ||||
| 65 | Alosa pseudoharengus | f | 17.3 | 13.1 | 0.693 | 2.0 | ||
| m | 16.8 | 13.1 | 0.694 | 2.0 | ||||
| 26 | Leuciscus pyrenaicus | b | g | 20.8 | 7.5 | 0.145 | 3.0 | |
| 20 | Cyprinus carpio | b | g | 60.7 | 25.1 | 0.163 | 3.0 | |
| 25 | Cyprinus carpio | b | g | 63.1 | 19.4 | 0.202 | 2.0 | |
| 50 | Rutilus rutilus | f | g | 43.0 | 13.0 | 0.129 | 3.0 | |
| m | g | 40.0 | 9.2 | 0.143 | 2.0 | |||
| f | g | 37.0 | 11.8 | 0.145 | 3.0 | |||
| m | g | 24.0 | 8.6 | 0.245 | 2.0 | |||
| 51 | Leuciscus leuciscus | f | g | 25.7 | 17.9 | 0.310 | 4.0 | |
| m | g | 23.3 | 16.3 | 0.285 | 4.0 | |||
| m | g | 25.8 | 15.4 | 0.338 | 3.0 | |||
| f | g | 23.8 | 16.0 | 0.259 | 4.0 | |||
| 53 | Squalius cephalus | m | g | 43.8 | 24.1 | 0.190 | 5.0 | |
| f | g | 51.9 | 32.5 | 0.150 | 7.0 | |||
| 74 | Rutilus arcasii | b | g | 13.3 | 3.7 | 0.269 | 1.2 | -0.01 |
| b | g | 12.0 | 5.1 | 0.258 | 2.0 | -0.12 | ||
| 82 | Bagrus meridionalis | f | 109.2 | 37.0 | 0.092 | 3.4 | -0.20 | |
| m | 104.8 | 33.0 | 0.091 | 3.1 | -0.20 | |||
| 52 | Esox lucius | m | 77.0 | 40.2 | 0.350 | 2.0 | ||
| f | 100.0 | 41.6 | 0.240 | 2.0 | ||||
| f | 115.0 | 37.0 | 0.210 | 2.0 | ||||
| m | 110.0 | 38.0 | 0.210 | 2.0 | ||||
| 45 | Esox lucius | f | 105.8 | 39.0 | 0.226 | 2.0 | ||
| f | 101.5 | 44.0 | 0.306 | 2.0 | ||||
| f | 98.5 | 42.0 | 0.285 | 2.0 | ||||
| m | 82.1 | 41.0 | 0.354 | 2.0 | ||||
| m | 80.2 | 37.0 | 0.289 | 2.0 | ||||
| m | 78.3 | 40.0 | 0.345 | 2.0 | ||||
| 29 | Osmerus mordax | b | 32.5 | 22.0 | 0.224 | 6.0 | 0.50 | |
| 61 | Osmerus mordax | f | 25.8 | 19.7 | 0.639 | 2.0 | ||
| m | 25.5 | 18.8 | 0.517 | 2.0 | ||||
| 5 | Osmerus mordax | f | 34.3 | 19.3 | 0.304 | 3.0 | ||
| m | 22.5 | 15.0 | 0.723 | 2.0 | ||||
| 57 | Coregonus artedi | b | 34.5 | 27.0 | 0.247 | 6.0 | -0.20 | |
| 23 | Coregonus hoyi | b | 32.4 | 18.3 | 0.221 | 3.0 | ||
| b | 27.6 | 17.0 | 0.261 | 3.0 | ||||
| 38 | Coregonus clupeaformis | f | 54.0 | 28.6 | 0.110 | 7.0 | ||
| f | 44.0 | 35.4 | 0.180 | 9.0 | ||||
| f | 58.5 | 47.6 | 0.140 | 12.0 | ||||
| f | 73.5 | 41.9 | 0.090 | 9.0 | ||||
| f | 50.5 | 32.1 | 0.090 | 11.0 | ||||
| f | 61.5 | 55.7 | 0.420 | 5.0 | ||||
| f | 68.5 | 53.5 | 0.310 | 5.0 | ||||
| f | 57.5 | 53.1 | 0.320 | 8.0 | ||||
| f | 66.5 | 47.3 | 0.310 | 4.0 | ||||
| 22 | Coregonus clupeaformis | b | 75.0 | 42.4 | 0.133 | 6.0 | ||
| 57 | Coregonus clupeaformis | b | 39.8 | 30.7 | 0.208 | 7.0 | -0.10 | |
| 39 | Prosopium cylindraceum | b | 45.4 | 21.9 | 0.117 | 5.0 | ||
| 4 | Prosopium cylindraceum | b | 45.9 | 27.4 | 0.204 | 4.0 | ||
| 49 | Prosopium cylindraceum | b | 54.9 | 20.1 | 0.084 | 5.0 | ||
| 2 | Prosopium cylindraceum | b | 52.1 | 25.5 | 0.374 | 2.0 | ||
| 60 | Prosopium cylindraceum | b | 51.8 | 31.2 | 0.320 | 3.0 | ||
| 57 | Prosopium cylindraceum | b | 37.0 | 21.1 | 0.211 | 4.0 | -0.01 | |
| 67, 68 | Galaxias occidentalis | m | 10.9 | 7.0 | 0.758 | 1.0 | -0.34 | |
| f | 12.4 | 7.5 | 0.762 | 1.0 | -0.22 | |||
| 69 | Galaxiella munda | m | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.217 | 1.0 | 0.00 | |
| f | 4.9 | 4.7 | 3.702 | 1.0 | 0.00 | |||
| 70 | Galaxiella nigrostriata | m | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.230 | 1.0 | -0.03 | |
| f | 4.1 | 3.7 | 2.460 | 1.0 | ||||
| Galaxiella pusilla | m | 2.9 | 2.4 | 4.680 | 1.0 | |||
| f | 3.0 | 2.8 | 6.110 | 1.0 | ||||
| 47 | Salmo trutta | b | 65.9 | 20.1 | 0.183 | 2.0 | ||
| 40 | Salvelinus alpinus | b | 13.3 | 9.8 | 0.333 | 4.0 | ||
| b | 20.5 | 18.0 | 0.417 | 5.0 | ||||
| b | 55.4 | 27.5 | 0.086 | 8.0 | ||||
| b | 30.2 | 26.0 | 0.328 | 6.0 | ||||
| 41 | Salvelinus namaycush | b | h | 96.7 | 59.4 | 0.160 | 6.0 | 0.04 |
| b | h | 91.5 | 62.0 | 0.190 | 6.0 | 0.04 | ||
| b | h | 91.5 | 62.0 | 0.190 | 6.0 | 0.05 | ||
| 24 | Salvelinus namaycush | f | h | 85.9 | 57.2 | 0.244 | 4.0 | |
| m | h | 84.2 | 65.0 | 0.251 | 5.0 | |||
| 80, 81 | Salvelinus namaycush | b | h | 57.8 | 41.4 | 0.157 | 8.3 | -0.04 |
| b | h | 50.8 | 37.8 | 0.141 | 12.1 | -0.65 | ||
| b | h | 61.0 | 45.2 | 0.130 | 10.8 | -0.40 | ||
| b | h | 61.9 | 44.5 | 0.205 | 6.7 | -0.20 | ||
| b | h | 68.4 | 51.7 | 0.155 | 9.5 | -0.09 | ||
| b | h | 63.9 | 48.5 | 0.229 | 6.9 | -0.21 | ||
| 19 | Cottus cognatus | b | d | 15.3 | 7.4 | 0.136 | 4.0 | |
| 84 | Clinocottus analis | f | d | 96.3 | 63.3 | 1.000 | 1.0 | -0.07 |
| m | d | 119.0 | 63.9 | 0.700 | 1.0 | -0.10 | ||
| 6 | Sebastes emphaeus | f | d | 170.7 | 121.7 | 0.535 | 1.9 | -0.46 |
| 21 | Cottus asperrimus | b | d | 9.3 | 4.4 | 0.195 | 3.0 | |
| Cottus pitensis | b | d | 13.9 | 5.6 | 0.199 | 3.0 | ||
| Cottus klamathensis | b | d | 9.8 | 5.5 | 0.275 | 3.0 | ||
| 48 | Sebastes serranoides | f | d | 47.8 | 36.2 | 0.229 | 5.0 | |
| m | d | 42.7 | 32.8 | 0.283 | 4.0 | |||
| 77, 78 | Gasterosteus aculeatus | b | 7.4 | 4.7 | 1.770 | 0.6 | ||
| b | 7.5 | 4.4 | 1.780 | 0.5 | ||||
| 59 | Nannatherina balstoni | f | 8.3 | 5.7 | 1.310 | 0.8 | -0.10 | |
| m | 7.1 | 4.9 | 1.690 | 0.6 | -0.08 | |||
| 54 | Perca fluviatilis | f | 35.2 | 22.6 | 0.394 | 3.0 | ||
| m | 35.4 | 15.2 | 0.320 | 2.0 | ||||
| 17 | Perca fluviatilis | f | 25.5 | 16.5 | 0.310 | 3.0 | ||
| m | 23.1 | 15.3 | 0.300 | 3.0 | ||||
| f | 22.9 | 17.5 | 0.500 | 3.0 | ||||
| m | 21.3 | 15.6 | 0.380 | 3.0 | ||||
| 83 | Perca flavescens | b | i | 27.0 | 18.8 | 0.424 | 3.0 | 0.20 |
| 85 | Perca flavescens | m | i | 30.0 | 16.2 | 0.417 | 2.0 | |
| f | i | 37.0 | 22.7 | 0.329 | 3.0 | |||
| 30, 62, 87, 88 | Stizostedion vitreum | f | i | 80.7 | 45.4 | 0.249 | 3.0 | |
| f | i | 77.8 | 45.1 | 0.297 | 3.0 | |||
| f | i | 70.7 | 46.5 | 0.340 | 3.0 | |||
| m | i | 62.0 | 33.7 | 0.376 | 2.0 | |||
| m | i | 59.1 | 31.0 | 0.400 | 2.0 | |||
| m | i | 55.3 | 36.9 | 0.520 | 2.0 | |||
| 18 | Stizostedion vitreum | f | i | 54.4 | 44.1 | 0.292 | 5.0 | -0.68 |
| f | i | 46.6 | 37.6 | 0.215 | 7.0 | -0.63 | ||
| f | i | 62.2 | 45.5 | 0.253 | 5.0 | -0.19 | ||
| 7 | Lepomis macrochirus | 22.8 | 7.9 | 0.206 | 2.0 | |||
| 36 | Tilapia galilaea | m | 36.0 | 23.0 | 0.550 | 2.0 | ||
| f | 33.4 | 22.0 | 0.490 | 2.0 | ||||
| Tilapia aurea | 32.9 | 19.0 | 0.600 | 2.0 | ||||
| Tilapia esculenta | 32.5 | 23.0 | 0.501 | 2.5 | ||||
| 33.5 | 23.0 | 0.360 | 2.8 | |||||
| 33.5 | 22.5 | 0.392 | 2.8 | |||||
| 32.4 | 24.0 | 0.310 | 3.5 | |||||
| Tilapia saka | 34.7 | 26.0 | 0.560 | 3.0 | ||||
| Tilapia zillii | m | 28.1 | 14.7 | 0.503 | 1.0 | |||
| f | 21.1 | 13.5 | 0.659 | 1.0 | ||||
| Tristamella simonis simonis | 19.8 | 14.5 | 0.625 | 2.0 | ||||
| Tristamella simonis intermedius | 21.2 | 14.5 | 0.710 | 2.0 | ||||
| Boulengerochromis microlepis | 52.9 | 40.0 | 0.560 | 2.5 | ||||
| Haplochromis virginalis | 12.1 | 10.6 | 0.778 | 3.0 | ||||
| Haplochromis quadrimaculatus | 19.0 | 16.0 | 0.650 | 3.0 | ||||
| Haplochromis pleurostigmoides | 14.4 | 13.0 | 0.764 | 3.0 | ||||
| 28 | Tylochromis bangwelensis | b | 30.5 | 16.2 | 0.165 | 4.0 | ||
| 44 | Ophicephalus striatus | b | 52.0 | 23.3 | 0.210 | 2.5 | -0.33 | |
| 31 | Chondrostoma polylepis | b | 21.8 | 4.7 | 0.247 | 1.0 | ||
| 37 | Clupea harengus | 30.3 | 22.1 | 0.440 | 1.0 | |||
| 29.0 | 22.6 | 0.660 | 1.6 | |||||
| 37 | Merlangius merlangus | 56.3 | 28.4 | 0.110 | 1.5 | |||
| 42.4 | 20.2 | 0.320 | 1.5 | |||||
| 32 | Sillago robusta | m | b | 17.2 | 11.0 | 0.980 | 1.0 | -0.04 |
| f | b | 16.9 | 15.0 | 1.030 | 2.0 | -0.11 | ||
| Sillago bassensis | f | b | 32.9 | 20.6 | 0.260 | 3.0 | -0.80 | |
| m | b | 30.7 | 20.4 | 0.290 | 3.0 | -0.75 | ||
| 33 | Sillago burrus | m | b | 17.9 | 16.4 | 2.440 | 1.0 | |
| f | b | 18.8 | 17.0 | 2.370 | 1.0 | 0.01 | ||
| Sillago vittata | f | b | 33.1 | 13.4 | 0.430 | 1.0 | -0.21 | |
| m | b | 31.2 | 13.3 | 0.450 | 1.0 | -0.23 | ||
| 34 | Sillago schomburgkii | m | b | 32.5 | 21.5 | 0.490 | 2.0 | -0.22 |
| f | b | 33.3 | 22.7 | 0.530 | 2.0 | -0.16 | ||
| 35 | Sillaginodes punctata | m | b | 50.0 | 43.5 | 0.530 | 4.0 | 0.16 |
| f | b | 53.2 | 44.6 | 0.470 | 4.0 | 0.13 | ||
| 37 | Micromesistius poutassou | e | 37.1 | 25.1 | 0.230 | 2.3 | ||
| Melanogrammus aeglefinus | e | 67.9 | 30.6 | 0.160 | 2.0 | |||
| e | 68.3 | 33.5 | 0.190 | 2.5 | ||||
| 37 | Pollachius virens | e | 177.1 | 55.4 | 0.070 | 4.6 | ||
| e | 157.7 | 54.6 | 0.070 | 4.9 | ||||
| 37 | Gadus morhua | e | 123.1 | 69.7 | 0.230 | 3.8 | ||
| e | 98.5 | 60.9 | 0.390 | 2.5 | ||||
| 27 | Gadus morhua | b | e | 126.8 | 74.0 | 0.091 | 7.5 | |
| b | e | 67.9 | 46.0 | 0.155 | 5.4 | |||
| 3 | Lophius americanus | f | e | 157.6 | 48.2 | 0.095 | 4.0 | 0.16 |
| m | e | 105.9 | 37.7 | 0.157 | 3.0 | 0.20 | ||
| 42 | Coryphaenoides rupestris | f | e | 19.5 | 11.8 | 0.101 | 10.0 | 0.80 |
| m | e | 15.5 | 10.2 | 0.128 | 9.0 | 0.54 | ||
| 8 | Coryphaenoides rupestris | f | e | 18.1 | 12.0 | 0.100 | 10.0 | -0.90 |
| m | e | 14.7 | 9.3 | 0.105 | 8.0 | -1.50 | ||
| 37 | Trachurus trachurus | c | 34.1 | 18.9 | 0.190 | 2.5 | ||
| 37 | Trisopterus esmarkii | c | 22.6 | 18.6 | 0.520 | 2.3 | ||
| 55 | Micropogonias furnieri | f | c | 82.9 | 30.5 | 0.130 | 3.4 | -0.13 |
| m | c | 65.3 | 28.4 | 0.160 | 3.4 | -0.16 | ||
| 79 | Scomberomorus cavalla | f | c | 131.4 | 58.6 | 0.175 | 3.0 | |
| m | c | 106.1 | 57.6 | 0.221 | 3.0 | |||
| 37 | Scomber scombrus | c | 39.9 | 26.2 | 0.360 | 1.8 | ||
| 58 | Scomber scombrus | b | c | 42.9 | 33.2 | 0.360 | 3.0 | |
| 76 | Menticirrhus americanus | m | c | 29.2 | 13.7 | 0.637 | 1.0 | 0.01 |
| f | c | 47.7 | 22.2 | 0.274 | 2.0 | -0.28 | ||
| 1 | Liza subviridis | f | c | 34.4 | 15.0 | 0.263 | 2.0 |
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