Ecological Archives E082-010-A1

Ecological Archives E082-010-A1

Krista L. De Groot and James N. M. Smith. 2001. Community-wide impacts of a generalist brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). Ecology 82: 868-881.

Appendix A. Mean numbers of passerine individuals detected per site at Removal and Control sites.

a) Suitable host species

Removal
Control

5-10 km
Control

>10 km

1996
1997
1996
1997
1997

Olive-sided Flycatcher (C. borealis)

0.05
0.2
0.05
0.0
0.0

Eastern Wood Pewee (Contopus virens)

1.2
0.8
2.2
0.8
2.0

Alder Flycatcher (E. alnorum)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.04

Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)

0.0
0.04
0.2
0.3
0.1

Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe)

0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1

Blue-headed Vireo (V. solitarius)

0.0
0.04
0.0
0.2
0.04

Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)

7.0
0.2
1.8
0.9
1.0

Veery (C. fuscescens)

0.0
0.04
0.2
0.3
0.1

Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)

13.1
14.0
11.8
12.0
12.9

Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla)

9.7
12.1
7.4
11.1
9.2

Black-throated Blue Warbler (D. caerulescens)

0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.0

Yellow-rumped Warbler (D. coronata)

2.9
4.7
1.6
4.3
3.9

Black-throated Green Warbler (D. virens)

0.05
0.2
0.05
0.04
0.0

Pine Warbler (D. pinus)

0.05
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.5

Kirtland’s Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii)

0.4
1.6
0.0
0.2
0.2

Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)

0.05
0.2
0.05
0.3
0.2

American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)

0.05
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0

Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus)

4.4
5.8
6.2
7.9
8.8

Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.0

Mourning Warbler (Oporornis philadelphia)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.04
0.0

Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)

0.5
1.9
0.1
0.6
1.8

Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0

Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)

0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
1.0

Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)

1.4
1.1
0.6
1.4
2.0

Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)

6.4
7.8
6.2
5.8
7.3

Clay-colored Sparrow (S. pallida)

0.2
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.2

Field Sparrow (S. pusilla)

3.1
4.6
1.8
3.3
4.4

Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus)

2.7
3.1
1.8
3.4
3.1

Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)

0.05
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)

0.6
0.6
0.0
0.5
0.8

Lincoln’s Sparrow (M. lincolnii)

1.4
4.3
1.2
1.5
1.1

Swamp Sparrow (M. georgiana)

0.2
0.7
0.5
0.09
0.1

White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)

10.5
2.4
0.8
1.5
0.5

Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)

1.8
2.2
1.4
0.8
1.3

Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.04

Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)

0.6
0.7
1.0
2.3
0.5

Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea)

7.5
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.7

Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)

1.35
4.3
0.1
1.2
1.1

Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus)

0.0
0.04
0.0
0.0
0.1

Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula)

0.2
0.4
0.0
1.4
1.0

b) Unsuitable host species

Removal
Control

5-10 km
Control

> 10 km

1996
1997
1996
1997
1997

Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus)

0.6
1.1
1.2
0.9
2.6

Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)

0.3
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.1

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)

7.9
10.1
6.8
11.4
9.9

American Crow (Corvus brachyrhyncos)

3.2
3.5
5.8
5.8
7.3

Common Raven (Corvus corax)

1.2
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8

Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)

0.2
1.2
0.2
0.4
0.8

Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus)

3.7
5.9
7.4
6.6
5.8

Red-breasted Nuthatch (S. canadensis)

0.4
1.5
0.7
0.5
0.5

White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)

0.3
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.3

Brown Creeper (Certhia americana)

0.4
0.1
0.0
0.04
0.1

Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)

0.1
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.04

Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)

0.2
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.4

American Robin (Turdus migratorius)

1.5
2.8
2.85
4.4
3.8

Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.04
0.0

Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)

2.4
3.8
1.0
2.5
2.5

Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)

0.8
2.0
1.9
1.9
3.1

Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula)

1.0
0.04
0.05
0.1
0.04

Pine Siskin (C. pinus)

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.04

American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis)

1.0
2.3
1.5
3.0
3.0

Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)

3.35
4.8
3.6
4.2
6.3

a) Suitable host species	Removal	Control 5-10 km	Control >10 km
	1996	1997	1996	1997	1997
Olive-sided Flycatcher (C. borealis)	0.05	0.2	0.05	0.0	0.0
Eastern Wood Pewee (Contopus virens)	1.2	0.8	2.2	0.8	2.0
Alder Flycatcher (E. alnorum)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.04
Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus)	0.0	0.04	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe)	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.1	0.1
Blue-headed Vireo (V. solitarius)	0.0	0.04	0.0	0.2	0.04
Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)	7.0	0.2	1.8	0.9	1.0
Veery (C. fuscescens)	0.0	0.04	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)	13.1	14.0	11.8	12.0	12.9
Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla)	9.7	12.1	7.4	11.1	9.2
Black-throated Blue Warbler (D. caerulescens)	0.0	0.04	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yellow-rumped Warbler (D. coronata)	2.9	4.7	1.6	4.3	3.9
Black-throated Green Warbler (D. virens)	0.05	0.2	0.05	0.04	0.0
Pine Warbler (D. pinus)	0.05	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.5
Kirtland’s Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii)	0.4	1.6	0.0	0.2	0.2
Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia)	0.05	0.2	0.05	0.3	0.2
American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla)	0.05	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus)	4.4	5.8	6.2	7.9	8.8
Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0
Mourning Warbler (Oporornis philadelphia)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.04	0.0
Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)	0.5	1.9	0.1	0.6	1.8
Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0
Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)	0.2	0.2	0.6	0.4	1.0
Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)	1.4	1.1	0.6	1.4	2.0
Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)	6.4	7.8	6.2	5.8	7.3
Clay-colored Sparrow (S. pallida)	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.5	0.2
Field Sparrow (S. pusilla)	3.1	4.6	1.8	3.3	4.4
Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus)	2.7	3.1	1.8	3.4	3.1
Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)	0.05	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)	0.6	0.6	0.0	0.5	0.8
Lincoln’s Sparrow (M. lincolnii)	1.4	4.3	1.2	1.5	1.1
Swamp Sparrow (M. georgiana)	0.2	0.7	0.5	0.09	0.1
White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)	10.5	2.4	0.8	1.5	0.5
Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)	1.8	2.2	1.4	0.8	1.3
Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.04
Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus)	0.6	0.7	1.0	2.3	0.5
Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea)	7.5	0.3	0.7	0.7	0.7
Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)	1.35	4.3	0.1	1.2	1.1
Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus)	0.0	0.04	0.0	0.0	0.1
Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula)	0.2	0.4	0.0	1.4	1.0
b) Unsuitable host species	Removal	Control 5-10 km	Control > 10 km
	1996	1997	1996	1997	1997
Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus)	0.6	1.1	1.2	0.9	2.6
Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)	0.3	0.6	0.2	0.3	0.1
Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)	7.9	10.1	6.8	11.4	9.9
American Crow (Corvus brachyrhyncos)	3.2	3.5	5.8	5.8	7.3
Common Raven (Corvus corax)	1.2	1.2	1.0	0.9	0.8
Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)	0.2	1.2	0.2	0.4	0.8
Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus)	3.7	5.9	7.4	6.6	5.8
Red-breasted Nuthatch (S. canadensis)	0.4	1.5	0.7	0.5	0.5
White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)	0.3	0.1	0.6	0.3	0.3
Brown Creeper (Certhia americana)	0.4	0.1	0.0	0.04	0.1
Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.3	0.04
Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis)	0.2	0.6	0.4	0.1	0.4
American Robin (Turdus migratorius)	1.5	2.8	2.85	4.4	3.8
Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.04	0.0
Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)	2.4	3.8	1.0	2.5	2.5
Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)	0.8	2.0	1.9	1.9	3.1
Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula)	1.0	0.04	0.05	0.1	0.04
Pine Siskin (C. pinus)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.04
American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis)	1.0	2.3	1.5	3.0	3.0
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)	3.35	4.8	3.6	4.2	6.3

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