Species
Type‡
Taxonomy
Method
IBD slope§
(
FST/km)
Dispersal scale (km)
Reference
Acanthaster planci
I
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Allozyme
0.00000805
199
Nishida and Lucas 1988
Acanthaster planci
(non-outbreaking)
I
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
Allozyme
0.0000119
135
Benzie 1994
Acanthochromis
polyacanthus
F
Perciformes:Pomacentridae
Allozyme
0.000506
3.2
Doherty et al. 1994
Acanthurus triostegus
F
Perciformes:Acanthuridae
Allozyme
0.0000475
33.7
Planes 1993
Acanthurus triostegus
F
Perciformes:Acanthuridae
Allozyme
0.0000376
42.5
Planes et al. 1994
Acropora cuneata
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.030 ||
0.053
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Acropora cytherea
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.016 d
0.1
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Acropora hyacinthus
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.014 ||
0.114
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Acropora palifera
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.018 ||
0.089
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Adalaria proxima
I
Mollusca:Opisthobranchia
Allozyme
0.024
0.067
Todd et al. 1998
Alaria marginata
M
Phaeophyta
AFLP
0.000381
4.2
Kusumo and Druehl 2000
Alloclinus holderi
F
Perciformes:Labrisomidae
Allozyme
0.000028 ||
57.2
Waples 1987
Amphiprion clarkii
F
Perciformes:Pomacentridae
Allozyme
0.0000639
25.1
Bell et al. 1982, Lacson 1992
Amphiprion melanopus
F
Perciformes:Pomacentridae
Allozyme
0.00005
32
Doherty et al. 1995
Axoclinus nigricaudus
F
Perciformes:Tripterygiidae
MtDNA
0.00059
2.7
Riginos and Nachman 2001
Balanophyllia elegans
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.00204
0.785
Hellberg 1994, Palumbi 2001
Bedeva hanleyi
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.000263
6.1
Borsa et al. 1997
Bembicium vittatum
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.000347
4.6
Parsons 1996
Bunodosoma caissarum
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.0000365 ||
43.9
Russo et al. 1994
Caloglossa leprieurii
M
Rhodophyta
SSCP
0.003406
0.47
Zuccarello et al. 2000
Carterospongia flabellifera
I
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Allozyme
0.00162
0.988
Benzie et al. 1994
Caulerpa racemosa
var laetevirens
M
Chlorophyta
Allozyme
0.01064 ||
0.150
Benzie et al. 1997
Caulerpa serrulata
M
Chlorophyta
Allozyme
0.009769 ||
0.164
Benzie et al. 1997
Caulerpa taxifolia
M
Chlorophyta
Allozyme
0.006431 ||
0.249
Benzie et al. 1997
Caulolatilus princeps
F
Perciformes:Malacanthidae
Allozyme
0.000008 ||
200
Waples 1987
Celleporella hyalina
I
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
RAPD
0.005291
0.303
Goldson et al. 2001
Cerastoderma glaucum
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.0000153
104
Mariani et al. 2002
Chthamalus montagui
I
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Allozyme
0.000008 ||
200
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Chthamalus montagui
I
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Allozyme
0.00001 ||
160
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Chthamalus stellatus
I
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Allozyme
0.0000124 ||
129
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Chthamalus stellatus
I
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Allozyme
0.0000072 ||
222
Pannacciulli et al. 1997
Clinocottus analis
F
Scorpaeniformes:Cottidae
Allozyme
0.000042 ||
38.1
Waples 1987
Cominella lineolata
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.002906 ||
0.551
Hoskin 1997
Concholepas concholepas
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.0000131
122
Gallardo and Carrasco 1996
Dascyllus aruanus
F
Perciformes:Pomacentridae
Allozyme
0.0000113
142
Planes et al. 1993
Dascyllus trimaculatus
F
Perciformes:Pomacentridae
MtDNA
0.0000337
47.5
Bernardi et al. 2001
Delisea pulchra
M
Rhodophyta
RAPD
0.20688
0.008
Wright et al. 2000
Donax deltoides
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.00000818
196
Murray-Jones and Ayre 1997
Echinometra lucunter
I
Echinodermata:Asteroidea
MtDNA
0.0000212
75.5
McCartney et al. 2000
Echinometra mathaei
I
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
MtDNA
0.00003
53.4
Palumbi 1997,
Palumbi 2003
Electra pilosa
I
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
RAPD
0.000268
6.0
Goldson et al. 2001
Embiotoca jacksoni
F
Perciformes:Embiotocidae
Allozyme
0.000444 ||
3.6
Waples 1987
Gadus morhua
F
Gadiformes:Gadidae
RAPD
0.0000094
170
Pogson et al. 1995, Pogson et al. 2001
Gelidium canariensis
(sporophytes)
M
Rhodophyta
Allozyme
0.0013 ||
1.2
Sosa et al. 1998
Girella nigricans
F
Perciformes:Kyphosidae
Allozyme
0.000006 ||
267
Waples 1987
Glycera dibranchiata
I
Polychaeta
Allozyme
0.000318
5
Bristow and Vadas 1991
Gnatholepis thompsoni
F
Perciformes:Gobiidae
MtDNA
0.00000956||
168
Shulman and Bermingham 1995
Gracilaria cervicornis
M
Rhodophyta
Allozyme
0.001609
0.995
Sosa 1996
Gracilaria gracilis
M
Rhodophyta
Microsatellite
0.000403
4.0
Engel et al. 1997
Halichoeres bivittatus
F
Perciformes:Labridae
MtDNA
0.0000091 ||
176
Shulman and Bermingham 1995
Halidrys dioica
M
Phaeophyta
Allozyme
0.001855
0.863
Lu and Williams 1994
Haliotis cracherodii
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
MtDNA
0.0000663 ||
24.2
Hamm and Burton 2000
Hediste diversicolor
I
Polychaeta
Allozyme
0.000386
4.2
Abbiati and Maltagliati 1996
Heliocidaris erythrogramma
I
Echinodermata:Echinoidea
MtDNA
0.000221
7.2
McMillan et al. 1992
Hydrobia ventrosa
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
MtDNA
0.000101
15.8
Wilke and Davis 2000
Kandella candel
Ma
Angiosperm
Allozyme
0.000427 ||
3.8
Sun et al. 1998
Lates calcarifer
F
Perciformes:Centropomidae
MtDNA
0.0000382
41.9
Chenoweth et al. 1998
Lithothrix aspergillum
M
Rhodophyta
Allozyme
0.005662
0.283
Pearson and Murray 1997
Littoraria cingulata
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.0000747
21.4
Johnson and Black 1998
Littorina littorea
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.00007 ||
22.9
Janson 1987
Littorina saxatilis
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.000239
6.7
Janson 1987
Littorina striata
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
RAPD
0.0000116
139
De Wolf et al. 1998
Littorina subrotundata
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
MtDNA
0.001644
0.974
Kyle and Boulding 2000
Lythrypnus dalli
F
Perciformes:Gobiidae
Allozyme
0.000008 ||
200
Waples 1987
Merluccius merluccius
F
Gadiformes:Merlucciidae
Allozyme
0.000008
200
Borsa et al. 1997
Mullus surmuletus
F
Perciformes:Mullidae
RAPD
0.0000193
83
Mamuris et al. 1999
Nucella lamellosa
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Allozyme
0.000241
6.6
Grant and Utter 1988
Ostrea edulis
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.0000182
88.1
Borsa et al. 1997
Oulactis muscosa
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.0000401 ||
39.9
Hunt and Ayre 1989
Pandalus borealis
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Allozyme
0.0000143
112
Kartavtsev 1994
Pecten jacobaeus
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.00000320
501
Ríos et al. 2002
Phyllospongia alcicornis
I
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Allozyme
0.000707
2.3
Benzie et al. 1994
I
Porifera:Dictyoceratidae
Allozyme
0.00046 ||
3.5
Benzie et al. 1994
Platichthys flesus ssp. flesus
F
Pleuronectiformes:Pleuronectidae
Allozyme
0.0000145
110
Borsa et al. 1997
Pocillopora damicornis
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.008 ||
0.2
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Posidonia oceanica
S
Angiosperm
Microsat.
0.00036 ||
4.4
Procaccini et al. 2001
Riftia pachyptila
I
Annelida:Polychaeta
Allozyme
0.00000962
166
in Vrijenhoek 1997
Sargassum polyceratium
M
Phaeophyta
RAPD
0.00496
0.323
Engelen et al. 2001
Sciaenops ocellatus
F
Perciformes:Sciaenidae
Microsatellite
0.00000304
527
Gold and Turner 2002
Sebastes helvomaculatus
F
Scorpaeniformes:Sebastidae
MtDNA
0.000034
47.1
Rocha-Olivares and Vetter 1999
Semicossyphus pulcher
F
Perciformes:Labridae
Allozyme
0.000017 ||
94.2
Waples 1987
Silvetia compressa
M
Phaeophyta
Allozyme
0.006192
0.259
Williams and Di Fiori 1996
Solea solea
F
Pleuronectiformes:Soleidae
Allozyme
0.0000119
134
Kotoulas et al. 1995
Stegastes leucostictus
F
Perciformes:Pomacentridae
MtDNA
0.0000209 ||
76.7
Shulman and Bermingham 1995
Stylophora pistillata
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.036 ||
0.044
Ayre and Hughes 2000
Synalpheus brooksi
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Allozyme
0.000569
2.8
Duffy 1993
Synalpheus pectiniger
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Allozyme
0.0000772
20.8
Duffy 1993
Thalassia testudinum
S
Angiosperm
Allozyme
0.001467
1.1
Schlueter and Guttman 1998
Tridacna derasa
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.0000111
144
Benzie 1994
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.00000879
182
Benzie and Williams 1997
Tridacna maxima
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.0000159
101
Benzie and Williams 1997
Ventiella sulfuris
I
Crustacea:Malacostraca
Allozyme
0.0000311
51.5
in Vrijenhoek 1997
Venus antiqua
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Allozyme
0.0000826
19.4
Gallardo et al. 1998
Zoanthus coppingeri
I
Cnidaria
Allozyme
0.0000525
30.5
Burnett et al. 1995
Zostera marina
S
Angiosperm
Microsatellite
0.000303
5.3
Reusch et al. 2000
Invasion estimates
Average rate¶ (km/y)
Maximum rate (km/y)
Antithamnionella ternifolia
M
Rhodophyta
Field
64
.
Maggs and Stegenga 1999
Botrylloides leachi
I
Chordata:Urochordata
Field
16
.
Grosholz 1996
Carcinus maenas
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Field
173
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Carcinus maenas
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Field
63
.
Shanks et al. 2003
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Field
55
.
Grosholz 1996
M
Chlorophyta
Field
0.5
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides
M
Chlorophyta
Field
12
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Dasya baillouviana
M
Rhodophyta
Field
40
.
Maggs and Stegenga 1999
Elminius modestus
I
Crustacea:Cirripedia
Field
41
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Ensis americanus
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Field
125
.
Armonies 2001
Ensis directus
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Field
111
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Grateloupia doryphora
M
Rhodophyta
Field
2
.
Maggs and Stegenga 1999
Hemigrapsus penicillatus
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Field
160
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Hemigrapsus sanguineus
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
Field
33
.
Shanks et al. 2003
M
Rhodophyta
Field
3.8
.
Russell and Balazs 1994
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
Field
42
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Lutjanus kasmira
F
Perciformes:Lutjanidae
Field
130
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Membranipora membranacea
I
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
Field
20
.
Grosholz 1996
Mytilus galloprovincialis
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Field
97
.
McQuaid and Phillips 2000
Mytilus galloprovincialis
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Field
115
.
Grosholz 1996
Perna perna
I
Mollusca:Bivalvia
Field
235
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Philine auriformis
I
Mollusca:Opisthobranchia
Field
80
Grosholz 1996
Sargassum muticum (average)
M
Phaeophyta
Field
43
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Tritonia plebeia
I
Mollusca:Opisthobranchia
Field
50
Grosholz 1996
Undaria pinnatifida
M
Phaeophyta
Field
0.37
0.5
Fletcher and Farrell 1999
Zostera japonica
S
Angiosperm
Field
6
.
Shanks et al. 2003
Direct or experimental estimates
Dispersal scale (km)
Alaria esculenta
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.01
Sundene 1962
Alpheus immaculatus
I
Crustacea:Decapoda
settlement
0.03
Shanks et al. 2003
I
Cnidaria
settlement
0.0005
Shanks et al. 2003
Botrylloides sp.
I
Chordata:Urochordata
direct obs
0.0006
Shanks et al. 2003
Botryllus schlosseri
I
Chordata:Urochordata
settlement
0.001
Shanks et al. 2003
Bugula neritina
I
Bryozoa:Cheilostomatida
settlement
0.1
Shanks et al. 2003
Colpomenia peregrina
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.002
Vandermeulen and DeWreede 1986
Didemnum molle
I
Chordata:Urochordata
direct obs
0.05
Shanks et al. 2003
Diplosoma similes
I
Chordata:Urochordata
direct obs
0.0022
Shanks et al. 2003
Ectocarpus siliculosus
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
4
Shanks et al. 2003
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.001
Pearson and Brawley 1996
Fucus sp.
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.06
in Fletcher and Callow 1992
Gracilaria verrucosa
M
Rhodophyta
settlementf
0.0013
Destombe et al. 1992
Gracilaria gracilis
M
Rhodophyta
paternity analysis
0.0025
Engel et al. 1999
Haliotis rubra
I
Mollusca:Gastropoda
settlement
0.015
Shanks et al. 2003
Laminaria hyperborea
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.2
Fredriksen et al. 1995
Lissoclinum patella
I
Chordata:Urochordata
direct obs
0.01
Shanks et al. 2003
Macrocystis pyrifera
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.04
Anderson and North 1966
Oligocottus maculosus
F
Scorpaeniformes:Cottidae
direct obs
1
Shanks et al. 2003
Pocillopora damicornis
I
Cnidaria
settlement
0.04
Tioho et al. 2001
Podoclavella moluccensis
I
Chordata:Urochordata
direct obs
0.0025
Shanks et al. 2003
Postelsia palmaeformis
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.003
Shanks et al. 2003
Pterygophora californica
M
Phaeophyta
settlement
0.5
Shanks et al. 2003
Sargassum muticum
M
Phaeophyta
recruitment
0.03
Deysher and Norton 1982
Sargassum polyceratium
M
Phaeophyta
recruitment
0.001
in Engelen et al. 2001
Silvetia compressa
M