Ecological Archives E084-069-A1

**Melissa D. Vance, Lenore Fahrig, and Curtis H. Flather. 2003. Effect of reproductive rate on minimum habitat requirements of forest-breeding birds. Ecology 84:2643–2653.**

Appendix A. Reproductive data, minimum habitat requirements for a 50% probability of presence, and the number of landscapes used in the analysis for each of 41 forest breeding birds.

Table A1. Details of how the annual reproductive output was calculated are given in text (see Methods). Minimum habitat amounts (percentage forest) were estimated from the LOESS smoothed curves, as shown in Fig. 2 in text.

Species	Clutch size^†	Number of broods	Reproductive output (clutch size × no. broods)	Minimum habitat amount	Number of landscapes
Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus	2.5	1^§	2.5	99	669
Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus	4.5	1.75^†	7.9	3	611
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius	5.5	1^†	5.5	89	230
Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens	4.5	1^†,§	4.5	1	779
Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus	4	1^†	4	95	779
Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus	4	1^†	4	73.5	710
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus borealis	3	1^‡	3	99	230
Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens	3	1^†	3	1	774
Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens	3	2^†	6	53	625
Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe	4.5	2^†	9	15	732
Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus	5	1^†	5	1	779
Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata	4.5	1.75^†	7.9	1	779
Black-capped Chickadee Parus atricapillus	7	1^†,‡	7	5.5	429
Tufted Titmouse Parus bicolor	6	1.5^†	9	1	678
White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis	6.5	1^†,‡	6.5	58	767
Brown Creeper Certhia americana	5.5	1^\|\|	5.5	99	272
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea	4.5	1.5^†	6.75	47.5	715
Veery Catharus fuscescens	4	1.5^†,‡	6	26.5	313
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus	4	2^†,‡	8	74.5	208
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina	3.5	2^†	7	10	743
White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus	4	1.5^†	6	20	556
Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons	4	1^‡	4	74	736
Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus	4	1.5^§	6	9	779
Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius	4	1.5^†	6	82.5	428
Northern Parula Parula americana	4.5	1.5^‡	6.75	99	523
Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens	4	1.5^‡	6	90.5	160
Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata	4.5	2^†	9	68	143
Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus	4	1^‡	4	77.5	479
Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea	4	1^‡	4	99	500
American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla	4	1^‡	4	62.5	693
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus	4.5	1.5^†	6.75	38	657
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis	4.5	1^‡	4.5	99	244
Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla	5	1^‡	5	99	616
Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus	4.5	1^‡	4.5	66.5	464
Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea	5	1.5^†	7.5	99	628
Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina	3.5	1^†	3.5	78.5	477
Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis	4	1^‡	4	92.5	351
Summer Tanager Piranga rubra	4	1.5^‡	6	19	377
Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea	4	1^†	4	26.5	645
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus	4	1.5^†	6	2.5	523
Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus	3.5	2.5^†	8.75	8	723

^†Ehrlich et al. 1988

^‡Poole and Gill 1992–ongoing

^§Harrison 1978

^||Peck and James 1987

Literature cited

Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder's handbook: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, USA.

Harrison, C. J. O. 1978. A field guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of North American birds. The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, Vermont, USA.

Peck, G. K., and R. D. James. 1987. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution. Vol. 2. Passerines. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publication.

Poole, A., and F. Gill, editors. 1992-ongoing. The birds of North America: a series of monographs on North American birds. Birds of North America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

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