Thomas Hickler, Benjamin Smith, Martin T. Sykes, Maragret B. Davis, Shinya Sugita, and Karen Walker. 2004. Using a generalized vegetation model to simulate vegetation dynamics in northeastern USA. Ecology 85:519–530.

Scientific name	Common name	Max. nonstressed longevity (years)	Leaf morphology	Climatic range	Shade tolerance
Abies balsamea	balsam fir	200	needle-leaved	boreal	very tolerant
Acer negundo	boxelder	100	broad-leaved	temperate	tolerant
Acer rubrum	red maple	150	broad-leaved	temperate	tolerant
Acer saccharum	sugar maple	400	broad-leaved	temperate	very tolerant
Alnus glutinosa	European alder	120	broad-leaved	temperate	intolerant
Betula alleghaniensis	yellow birch	300	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate
Betula papyrifera	paper birch	140	broad-leaved	boreal	intolerant
Carya cordiformis	bitternut hickory	200	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate
Fraxinus nigra	black ash	200	broad-leaved	temperate	intolerant
Fraxinus pennsylvanica	green ash	150	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate
Ostrya virginiana	eastern hornbeam	150	broad-leaved	temperate	very tolerant
Picea glauca	white spruce	300	needle-leaved	boreal	intermediate
Picea mariana	black spruce	200	needle-leaved	boreal	tolerant
Pinus banksiana	jack pine	185	needle-leaved	boreal	intolerant
Pinus resinosa	red pine	300	needle-leaved	boreal	intolerant
Pinus strobus	eastern white pine	450	needle-leaved	boreal	intermediate
Populus spp.	†	150	broad-leaved	boreal	intolerant
Prunus serotina	black cherry	250	broad-leaved	temperate	intolerant-intermediate
Quercus alba	white oak	500	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate
Quercus coccinea	pin oak	250	broad-leaved	temperate	intolerant-intermediate
Quercus macrocarpa	bur oak	400	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate
Quercus rubra	northern red oak	400	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate
Thuja occidentalis	northern white-cedar	400	needle-leaved	temperate	tolerant
Tilia Americana	American basswood	200‡	broad-leaved	temperate	tolerant
Tsuga canadensis	eastern hemlock	500	needle-leaved	temperate	very tolerant
Ulmus americana	American elm	300	broad-leaved	temperate	intermediate

^†All species of Populus occurring at the study sites (Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoides, Populus grandidentata, and Populus tremuloides) were represented as one generic Populus sp.

^‡ American basswood was assigned a maximum longevity of 200 years instead of 140 as given in Prasad and Iverson (1999 ongoing), as many trees at the study site are known to be older than 140 years (M. Davis, unpublished data).

Literature cited

Prasad, A. M., and L. R. Iverson. 1999 ongoing. A climate change atlas for 80 forest tree species of the eastern United States [database]. Delaware, Ohio, Northeastern Research Station, USDA Forest Service. [Online: http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/delaware/atlas/index.html]