Paul A. Murtaugh. 2007. Simplicity and complexity in ecological data analysis. Ecology 88:56–62.

Appendix A. Equivalence of the F test and t test in Example 1.

This is a demonstration of the equivalence of the F test from the ANOVA on zooplankton size in Analysis 1 of Example 1 (Table 1) and the t test on the six pond means in Analysis 2.

Let y_ijk be the size of the k^th zooplankter in the j^th pond in the i^th fish treatment (i = 1,2; j = 1,2,3; k = 1,...,48). The F statistic from the ANOVA table is