Ecological Archives E088-039-A1

Rosa Menéndez, Adela González-Megías, Yvonne Collingham, Richard Fox, David B. Roy, Ralf Ohlemüller, and Chris D. Thomas. 2007. Direct and indirect effects of climate and habitat factors on butterfly diversity. Ecology 88:605–611.

Appendix A. Results of alternative structural equation models for species richness of each group of butterfly species.

TABLE A1. Results of alternative structural equation models for each dependent variable. Basic models (M1) are the most inclusive (see Methods; Fig 1a). The nested models are simplified ones (i.e., indicate the previous model minus the variable or the path between two variables). For example, Model 2 for generalists is the full model shown in Fig 1a, less the direct pathway from habitat diversity to generalist diversity. Highlighted models indicate the selected causal model for each dependent variable. AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), SBC (Schwarz’s Bayesian Criterion), and CVI (and Browne-Cudeck Cross Validation index) are the three information criterion indices. * Basic models showed a df = 0 due to the singularity of the matrixes.

Models

df

P

AIC

SBC

CVI
             

Habitat generalists

            

Model 1

0*

          

Model 2 [M1-(COAST-Habitat diversity)]

1

1.05

0.30

0.09

0.30

0.10

Model 3 [M2-( Habitat diversity-Generalists)]

2

2.46

0.20

0.09

0.29

0.09

Model 4 [M3-(TJAN- Habitat diversity)]

3

2.70

0.44

0.09

0.28

0.09

Model 5 [M4-(GDD5-Habitat diversity)]

3

9.86

0.04

-

-

-

Model 6 [M5-(AET/PET-Habitat diversity)]

1

1.40

0.23

0.09

0.30

0.10

Model 7 [M6-(TJAN-Host-plant richness)]

2

54.71

<0.001

-

-

-

Model 8 [M7-(TJAN-Generalists)]

1

2.38

0.12

0.07

0.23

0.08

Model 9 [M8-(AET/PET-Host-plant richness)]

2

2.68

0.26

0.07

0.22

0.07

Model 10 [M9-(AET/PET-Generalists)]

1

3.88

0.04

-

-

-
             

Habitat specialists

            

Model 1

0*

          

Model 2 [M1-(COAST-Habitat diversity)]

1

1.05

0.35

0.09

0.30

0.10

Model 3 [M2-(COAST-Specialists)]

2

387

0.14

0.10

0.30

0.10

Model 4[M3-(AET/PET-Specialists)]

3

3.88

0.27

0.09

0.28

0.09

Model 5[(M4-(GDD5-Habitat diversity)]

4

4.33

0.36

0.09

0.27

0.09

Model 6[M5-(TJAN-Specialists)]

5

5.68

0.34

0.09

0.27

0.09

Model 7[M6-(AET/PET-Habitat diversity)]

6

10.29

0.11

0.09

0.26

0.09

Model 8[M7-(TJAN-Habitat diversity)]

3

4.18

0.24

0.09

0.28

0.09

Model 9[M8-(AET/PET-Host-plant richness)]

2

4.10

0.13

0.07

0.22

0.07

Model 10[M9-(TJAN-Host-plant richness)]

1

1.03

0.31

0.05

0.15

0.05

Model 11[M10-(GDD5-Specialists)]

2

12.92

0.001

-

-

-
             

All species

            

Model 1

0*

          

Model 2 [M1-(COAST-Habitat diversity)]

1

2.79

0.09

0.09

0.30

0.10

Model 3 [M2-(TJAN- Habitat diversity)]

2

3.12

0.21

0.09

0.29

0.09

Model 4 [M3-(AET/PET-All species)]

3

4.65

0.19

0.09

0.28

0.09

Model 5 [M4-(TJAN-All species)]

4

9.23

0.06

0.09

0.28

0.10

Model 6 [M5-(AET/PET-Habitat diversity)]

5

18.89

<0.001

-

-

-

Model 7 [M6-(GDD5-Habitat diversity)]

2

6.12

0.05

0.10

0.29

0.13

Model 8 [M7-(TJAN-Host-plant richness)]

1

0.20

0.66

0.07

0.22

0.07
             

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