Ecological Archives E088-040-A1

Ross M. Thompson, Martin Hemberg, Brian M. Starzomski, and Jonathan B. Shurin. 2007. Trophic levels and trophic tangles: the prevalence of omnivory in real food webs. Ecology 88:612–617.

Appendix A. Food webs included in the analysis.

TABLE A1. Food webs included in the analysis. Ecosystem type, location, web size (number of taxa; S), number of basal taxa and sources for the webs are shown.

Site

Ecosystem

Location

Total S

Basal S

Source

Aire Stream

stream

Great Britain

60

7

1

Akatore Creek A

stream

New Zealand

85

44

2

Akatore Creek B

stream

New Zealand

58

30

2

Berwick

stream

New Zealand

79

37

2

Blackrock Stream

stream

New Zealand

87

50

2

Broad Stream

stream

New Zealand

95

54

2

Broadstone Stream

stream

Great Britain

25

4

3

Canton Stream

stream

New Zealand

109

57

2

Coweeta Stream 1

stream

USA

58

28

4

Coweeta Stream 17

stream

USA

71

38

4

Crocodile Creek

stream

Malawi

33

5

1

Deep Creek

stream

USA

32

17

1

Dempsters Creek

stream

New Zealand

107

50

2

Duffin Creek

stream

Canada

45

32

5

German Creek

stream

New Zealand

86

50

2

Healy Creek

stream

New Zealand

96

47

2

Kye Burn

stream

New Zealand

98

58

2

Lerderberg River

stream

Australia

45

9

6

Little Kye Burn

stream

New Zealand

78

42

2

Martins Stream

stream

USA

105

48

4

Mimihau Stream

stream

New Zealand

69

33

2

Narrowdale Stream

stream

New Zealand

71

28

2

North Col Stream

stream

New Zealand

78

25

2

Powder Creek

stream

New Zealand

78

32

2

Stony Creek

stream

New Zealand

113

64

2

Sutton Stream

stream

New Zealand

91

69

2

Troy Stream

stream

USA

78

41

4

Wisp Creek

stream

New Zealand

49

15

2

Lake Malawi

lake

Malawi

33

5

1

Lake Nyasa 1

lake

Malawi

31

3

1

Lake Nyasa 2

lake

Malawi

37

5

1

Little Rock Lake

lake

USA

200

82

9

Ovre Heimdalsvatn

lake

Denmark

27

9

1

Skipwith Pond

lake

Great Britain

37

3

10

Broom

terrestrial

Great Britain

154

1

11

Coachella desert

terrestrial

USA

30

3

12

Dung arthropod

terrestrial

Mexico

46

19

13

El Verde rainforest

terrestrial

Mexico

156

28

14

Oak gall

terrestrial

Great Britain

62

1

1

Oak log

terrestrial

USA

47

2

1

Pine log

terrestrial

USA

36

1

1

St Martins Island

terrestrial

Caribbean

44

6

16

Saltmeadow

terrestrial

New Zealand

45

7

1

Sandy beach

terrestrial

Peru

46

7

1

Shortgrass prairie

terrestrial

USA

134

98

1

Soil

terrestrial

Netherlands

18

2

17

Sonoran desert

terrestrial

USA

48

9

1

Trelean Wood

terrestrial

USA

30

6

1

California kelp bed

marine

USA

21

4

1

California tidal flat

marine

USA

24

2

1

Cape Ann

marine

USA

25

4

1

Chesapeake Bay

marine

USA

33

5

18

Company Bay

marine

New Zealand

66

4

19

Monterey Bay

marine

USA

37

5

1

Small reef

marine

USA

46

3

1

Oceanic shelf

marine

USA

29

2

1

St Marks seagrass

marine

USA

48

6

20

Ythan Estuary 96

marine

Great Britain

134

5

21

SOURCES

1. Cohen, J. E. 1989. Ecologists' Co-operative Web Bank ( ECOWeB), Version 1.0 (machine-readable database). Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.

2. Thompson, R. M., and C. R. Townsend. 2004 Landuse influences on New Zealand stream communities – effects on species composition, functional organization and food-web structure. New Zealand Journal Marine and Freshwater Research 38:595–608.

3. Woodward, G., and A. G. Hildrew. 2001. Invasion of a stream food web by a new top predator. Journal of Animal Ecology 70:273–288.

4. Thompson, R. M., and C. R. Townsend. 2003. Impacts on stream food webs of native and exotic forest: an intercontinental comparison. Ecology 84:145–161.

5. Tavares- Cromar, A. F., and D. D. Williams. 1996 The importance of temporal resolution in food web analysis: Evidence from a detritus-based stream. Ecological Monographs 66:91–113.

6. Closs, G. P., and P. S. Lake. 1994 Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of an intermittent stream food web. Ecological Monographs 64:1–21.

7. Thompson, R. M., and C. R. Townsend. Unpublished.

8. Havens, K. 1992. Scale and structure in natural food webs. Science 257:1107–1109.

9. Martinez, N. D. 1991. Artifacts or attributes? Effects of resolution on the Little Rock Lake food web. Ecological Monographs 61:367–392.

10. Warren, P. H. 1989. Spatial and temporal variation in the structure of a freshwater food web. Oikos 55:299–311.

11. Hawkins, B. A., N. D. Martinez, and F. Gilbert. 1997. Source food webs as estimators of community web structure. International Journal of Ecology 18:575–586.

12. Polis, G. A. 1991 Complex trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory. American Naturalist 138:123–155.

13. Schoenly , K. 1983 Arthropods associated with bovine and equine dung in ungrazed Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76:790–796.

14. Waide, R. B., and W. B. Reagan. Editors. 1996. The food web of a tropical rainforest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

15. Memmott, J., N. D. Martinez, and J. E. Cohen. 2000. Predators, parasites and pathogens: species richness, trophic generality, and body sizes in a natural food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 69:1–15.

16. Goldwasser, L., and J. A. Roughgarden. 1993. Construction of a large Caribbean food web. Ecology 74:1216–1233.

17. De Ruiter, P. C., A. M. Neutel, and J. C. Moore. 1995. Energetics, patterns of interaction strengths, and stability in real ecosystems. Science 269:1257–1260.

18. Baird, D., and R. E. Ulanowicz. 1989. The seasonal dynamics of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem. Ecological Monographs 59:329–364.

19. Thompson, R. M., K. Mouristen, and R. Poulin. 2005. Importance of parasites and their life cycle characteristics in determining the structure of a large marine food web. Journal of Animal Ecology 74:77–85.

20. Christian, R. R., and J. J. Luczkovich. 1999. Organizing and understanding a winter's seagrass foodweb network through effective trophic levels. Ecological Modelling 117:99–124.

21. Hall, S. J., and D. Raffaelli. 1991. Food-web patterns: lessons from a species-rich web. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:823–842.



[Back to E088-040]