Appendix A. Path coefficients from structural equation modeling of relative fitness in Plantago lanceolata.
Path coefficients from structural equation modeling of relative fitness as a function of size attained in the first year of life (i.e., early–life size), age of first reproduction, total first year reproduction, lifespan, and the number of reproductive years in four cohorts of an experimental population of Plantago lanceolata in Shadwell, Virginia. The structural equation model is presented in Fig. 1. Asterisks indicate significance (No asterisk: P > 0.05; * 0.01 < P ≤ 0.05; ** 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001).
From |
To |
Cohort 1 |
Cohort 2 |
Cohort 3 |
Cohort 4 |
Early–life size |
Age 1st repr |
–0.266 ± 0.016*** |
–0.403 ± 0.013*** |
–0.307 ± 0.029*** |
–0.268 ± 0.035*** |
Early–life size |
Total 1st yr repr |
0.138 ± 0.016*** |
0.361 ± 0.012*** |
0.383 ± 0.025*** |
0.176 ± 0.029*** |
Early–life size |
Lifespan |
–0.143 ± 0.015*** |
0.045 ± 0.014** |
–0.012 ± 0.032 |
0.028 ± 0.031 |
Age 1st repr |
Lifespan |
–0.012 ± 0.015 |
0.232 ± 0.014*** |
0.139 ± 0.021*** |
0.258 ± 0.023*** |
Total 1st yr repr |
Lifespan |
0.451 ± 0.011*** |
0.364 ± 0.011*** |
0.361 ± 0.019*** |
0.395 ± 0.017*** |
Age 1st repr |
# reprod yrs |
–0.296 ± 0.008*** |
–0.458 ± 0.008*** |
–0.368 ± 0.012*** |
–0.352 ± 0.015*** |
Lifespan |
# reprod yrs |
0.832 ± 0.007*** |
0.728 ± 0.008*** |
0.750 ± 0.011*** |
0.763 ± 0.013*** |
Early–life size |
Rel. fitness |
0.004 ± 0.001*** |
0.002 ± 0.000*** |
0.009 ± 0.002*** |
0.000 ± 0.002 |
Age 1st repr |
Rel. fitness |
–0.002 ± 0.001*** |
0.001 ± 0.001 |
0.001 ± 0.001 |
0.002 ±0.001 |
Total 1st yr repr |
Rel. fitness |
0.026 ± 0.001*** |
0.028 ± 0.000*** |
0.040 ± 0.001*** |
0.025 ± 0.001*** |
Lifespan |
Rel. fitness |
–0.013 ± 0.001*** |
–0.002 ± 0.001*** |
0.000 ± 0.001 |
0.001 ± 0.001 |
# reprod yrs |
Rel. fitness |
0.049 ± 0.001*** |
0.032 ± 0.001*** |
0.047 ± 0.002*** |
0.049 ± 0.001*** |