Appendix A. A table of reproductive traits for 366 species in 10 wet tropical forests.
|
Family
|
Species
|
Life form
|
Sexual system
|
Pollination
syndrome
|
Dispersal
syndrome
|
| Acanthaceae | Aphelandra storkii Leonard | S | H(30) | HB (30) | A (55) |
| Amaranth. | Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. | S | H(10) | W (10) | A (55) |
| Anacard. | Spondias mombin L. | C | M (10) | I (10) | A (19,22,45,27) |
| Anacard. | Tapirira myriantha Triana & Planch. | C | D (55) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Annonaceae | Anaxagorea crassipetala Hemsley | MT | H (30) | I (30) | E (10) |
| Annonaceae | Anaxagorea phaeocarpa Martius | MT | H (30) | I (30) | E (10) |
| Annonaceae | Annona amazonica R. E. Fries vel aff. | C | H (10) | I (10,55) | A (55) |
| Annonaceae | Annona montana Macfad. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Annonaceae | Cymbopetalum costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Fries. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Annonaceae | Desmopsis microcarpa R.E. Fries | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (55,10) |
| Annonaceae | Guatteria aeruginosa Standley | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49) |
| Annonaceae | Guatteria diospyriodes Baillon | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49.55) |
| Annonaceae | Rollinia pittieri Safford | C | H (55) | UN | A (49.55) |
| Annonaceae | Unonopsis pittieri Safford | C | H (5) | I (10) | A (19,55) |
| Annonaceae | Xylopia bocatorena Schery | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Annonaceae | Xylopia sericophylla Standl. & L. 0. Williams. | C | H (5) | I (10) | A (10) |
| Apocyn. | Aspidosperma spruceanum Benth. ex Muell. Arg. | C | H (10) | I (10,55) | W (10,55) |
| Apocyn. | Lacmellea panamensis (Woodson) Markgraf | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (19,46) |
| Apocyn. | Peschiera arborea (Rose) Markgr. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (19,55) |
| Apocyn. | Rauvolfia purpurascens Standley | C | H (5) | I (44) | A (44) |
| Apocyn. | Stemmadenia donnell-smithii (Rose) Woodson | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (38,42,55) |
| Apocyn. | Stemmadenia robinsonii Woodson | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,10) |
| Apocyn. | Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Jacq. | MT | H (5) | I (10) | A (55,10) |
| Aquifol. | Ilex skutchii G. Edwin ex T. Dudley & W. J. Hahn | C | D (55,44) | I (44) | A (49,44) |
| Araliaceae | Dendropanax arboreus (L.) Decne. & Planch. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (13,62,55) |
| Arecaceae | Asterogyne martiana H. A. Wendl. ex Burret | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Astrocaryum confertum H. A. Wendl. ex Burret | P | M (10) | W (10) | A (49,55,53,63) |
| Arecaceae | Bactris coloradonis L. H. Bailey | U | M (54) | I (54) | A (49,63) |
| Arecaceae | Bactris gasipaes HBK | U | M (54) | I (54) | A (49,63) |
| Arecaceae | Bactris gracilior Burret | U | M (54) | I (54) | A (49,63) |
| Arecaceae | Bactris hondurensis Standley | U | M (54) | I (54) | A (49,63) |
| Arecaceae | Bactris longiseta H. A. Wendl. ex Burret | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,63) |
| Arecaceae | Calyptrogyne ghiesbreghtiana (Linden & H. Wendl.) H. A. Wendl. | U | M (11) | MA (11) | A (55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oerst. | U | D (10) | I (3) | A (55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Chamaedorea warscewiczii H. Wendl. | U | D (30) | I (30) | A (55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Cryosophila warscewiczii (H. A. Wendl.) Bartlett | U | H (10,55) | I (25) | A (55,10,63) |
| Arecaceae | Desmoncus shippii Mart. | L | M (10,55,30) | I (10,30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Euterpe precatoria var. longevaginata (Mart.) Henderson | P | M (31) | I (31) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Geonoma congesta H. A. Wendl. ex Spruce | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Geonoma cuneata H. A. Wendl. ex Spruce | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Geonoma deversa (Poit.) Kunth | U | M (10) | I (10) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Geonoma ferruginea H. A. Wendl. ex Spruce | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pavon) Mart. | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Geonoma longevaginata H. Wendl. ex Spruce | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pav. | P | M (30) | I (30) | A (20,49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Prestoea decurrens (H. Wendl. ex Burret) H. E. Moore | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. | P | M (10) | I (10) | A (20,49,55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Synechanthus warscewiczianus H. A. Wendl. | U | M (30) | I (30) | A (55,63) |
| Arecaceae | Welfia regia H. Wendl. ex André | P | M (30) | I (30) | A (55,63) |
| Bignon. | Amphitecma kennedyae (A. Gentry) A. Gentry | S | UN() | MA (55) | A (55,63) |
| Bignon. | Anemopaegma orbiculatum (Jacq.) DC. | L | H (10) | I (10,55) | W (55) |
| Bignon. | Callichlamys latifolia (L. C. Rich.) K. Schum. | L | H (10) | I (10) | W (19) |
| Bignon. | Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don | C | H (5) | I (10) | W (19,55) |
| Bombac. | Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. | C | H (7) | MA (7) | W (19,55) |
| Bombac. | Pachira aquatica Aublet | C | H (30) | MA(30,10,57) | A (43) |
| Bombac. | Quararibea bracteolosa (Ducke) K. Schum. | C | H (5) | MA (30) | A (10,55) |
| Bombac. | Quararibea ochrocalyx (K. Schum.) Vischer | C | H (30) | MA (30) | A (10,55) |
| Bombac. | Quararibea parvifolia Standl. | MT | H (30) | MA (30,52) | A (10,55) |
| Bombac. | Quararibea pumila Alverson | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (10) |
| Borag. | Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavon) Oken | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (19,55) |
| Borag. | Cordia bicolor A. DC. | C | H (5) | I (10) | A (19,22,49,55) |
| Borag. | Cordia lasiocalyx Pittier | MT | H (5) | I (10) | A (19,22,49,55) |
| Borag. | Cordia porcata Nowicke | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Burser. | Protium costaricense (Rose) Engler | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Burser. | Protium glabrum (Rose) Engler | C | D (5) | I (3) | A (49,55) |
| Burser. | Protium panamense (Rose) I. M. Johnston | C | D (5) | I (10) | A (22,62,55) |
| Burser. | Protium pittieri (Rose) Engler | C | D (10) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Burser. | Tetragastris panamensis (Engler) Kuntze | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (33,21,26,55) |
| Cappar. | Capparis discolor Donn. Sm. | MT | H (10) | HB (10) | A (49,55) |
| Cappar. | Capparis filipes Donn. Sm. | MT | H (10) | HB (10) | A (49,55) |
| Cappar. | Capparis pittieri Standl. | MT | H (5) | MA (6) | A (49) |
| Caricaceae | Jacaratia dolichaula (Donn. Sm.) Woodson | MT | D (30) | I (30) | A (27) |
| Cecrop. | Cecropia insignis Liebm. | C | D (1) | W (10) | A (49,50,55) |
| Cecrop. | Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. | C | D (1) | W (10) | A (39,30,55) |
| Cecrop. | Pourouma bicolor Mart. sub. scobina (Ben.) Berg & van Heus. | C | D (10) | W (10) | A (55) |
| Cecrop. | Pourouma minor Benoist | C | D (10) | W (10) | A (55) |
| Celastr. | Salacia megistophylla Standl. | L | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Chloranth. | Hedyosmum scaberrimum Standl. | MT | D (30) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Chrysobal. | Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose | C | H (5) | UN | A (15,55) |
| Chrysobal. | Hirtella lemsii L. 0. Wms. & Prance | MT | H (30) | UN (10) | A (10,55) |
| Chrysobal. | Licania hypoleuca Benth. | MT | H (5) | I (55) | A (10,55) |
| Chrysobal. | Maranthes panamensis (Standl.) Prance & White | C | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Clethraceae | Clethra lanata Mart. & Gal. | C | H (5) | UN | W (55) |
| Clusiaceae | Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. var rekoi (Standl.) Standl. | C | D (5) | UN | A (27,56,18,55,10) |
| Clusiaceae | Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel | C | H (55) | UN | A (55) |
| Clusiaceae | Symphonia globulifera L.f. | MT | H (30) | HB (21) | A (50,55) |
| Clusiaceae | Tovomitopsis nicaraguensis Oerst. Planch. & Tr. | MT | D (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Clusiaceae | Tovomitopsis silvicola Hammel | MT | D (30) | I (10) | A (55) |
| Clusiaceae | Vismia baccifera (L.) Tr. & Planch. | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Clusiaceae | Vismia bilbergiana Beurl. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Clusiaceae | Vismia macrophylla HBK | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Combret. | Terminalia amazonia (J. F. Gmel.) Exell | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (19,55) |
| Connar. | Rourea glabra HBK | L | H (7) | I (10) | A (19,49) |
| Dichapet. | Dichapetalum axillare Woodson | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (55,49) |
| Dichapet. | Dichapetalum donnell-smithii Engl. | L | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Dillen. | Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl. | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55,10) |
| Dillen. | Tetracera portobellensis Buerl. | L | D (10) | I (10) | A (19,55,10) |
| Elaeocarp. | Sloanea geniculata D. Sm. | C | H (10) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Elaeocarp. | Sloanea medusula K. Schum. and Pittier | C | H (5) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Elaeocarp. | Sloanea sp1 | C | D (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Erythrox. | Erythroxylum macrophyllum Cav. | MT | H (7) | UN | A (55) |
| Erythrox. | Erythroxylum multiflorum Lundell | MT | H (5) | UN | A (55) |
| Euphorb. | Acalypha diversifolia Jacq. | S | M (30) | W (10,55) | E (19,23) |
| Euphorb. | Alchorneopsis floribunda (Benth.) Muell. Arg. | C | D (5) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Euphorb. | Conceveiba pleiostemona Donn. Sm. | C | D (55) | UN | A (55) |
| Euphorb. | Croton killipianus Croizat | C | M (5) | I (10) | E (10) |
| Euphorb. | Croton schiedeanus Schlecht. | C | M (30) | I (30) | E (10) |
| Euphorb. | Hyeronima alchorneoides Allermao | C | D (10) | I (10) | A (49,10,55) |
| Euphorb. | Mabea occidentalis Benth. | MT | M (30) | MA (51,30) | E (10) |
| Euphorb. | Richeria dressleri G. L. Webster | C | D (5) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Euphorb. | Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong | C | M (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Euphorb. | Tetrorchidium euryphyllum Standl. | C | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Fabaceae | Abarema adenophorum (Ducke) Barneby & J. W. Grimes | C | H (55) | UN | A (49) |
| Fabaceae | Andira inermis (W. Wright) HBK | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Balizia elegans Ducke | C | H (55) | UN | A (49) |
| Fabaceae | Bauhinia guianensis Aubl. | L | H (10) | I (10) | E (55) |
| Fabaceae | Cojoba catenatum (Donn. Sm.) Britton & Rose | MT | H (55) | UN | A (49) |
| Fabaceae | Dipteryx panamensis (Pittier) Record and Mell | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (27,46,22,30,55) |
| Fabaceae | Dussia cuscatlantica (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Fabaceae | Dussia macroprophyllata (Donn. Sm.) Harms | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Fabaceae | Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) 0. F. Cook | C | H (7) | HB (6) | A (20) |
| Fabaceae | Hymenolobium mesoamericanum Lima | C | H (55) | UN | W (55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga acuminata Benth. | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga cocleensis Pittier | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga densiflora Benth. | C | H (5) | HB (27) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga edulis Mart. | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga mortoniana J. Leon | C | H (10) | I (27) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga oerstediana Benth. ex Seem. | C | H (5) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga pezizifera Benth. | C | H (5) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga punctata Willd. | C | H (10) | I (27) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga ruiziana G. Don | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga sapindoides auctt. Non Willd.; N. Zamora, 1998 | MT | H (10) | I (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga semialata (Vell.) Mart. | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga sertulifera DC. | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga sp1 | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga thiboudiana DC. | C | H (5) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga tonduzii Donn. Sm. | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. | C | H (5) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Lonchocarpus oliganthus F. J. Hermann | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (55) |
| Fabaceae | Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Poir.) DC. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | W (61,55) |
| Fabaceae | Mabea occidentalis (Sw.) Willd. | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (27,55) |
| Fabaceae | Machaerium floribundum Benth. | L | H (10) | I (10) | W (10,55) |
| Fabaceae | Macrolobium costaricense W. Burger | C | H (55) | I (55) | G (55) |
| Fabaceae | Mimosa watsonii B. L. Rob. | L | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Fabaceae | Ormosia macrocalyx Ducke | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (10,55) |
| Fabaceae | Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) 0. Ktze. | C | H (30) | I (30) | E (43) |
| Fabaceae | Pterocarpus hayesii Hemsl. | C | H (10) | I (10) | W (55,10) |
| Fabaceae | Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. | C | H (30) | I (30,4) | W (55) |
| Fabaceae | Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl | C | H (5) | I (27) | W (55) |
| Fabaceae | Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp. and Endl. | C | H (55) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Fabaceae | Swartzia aff. simplex (Sw.) Sprengel | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (24,55,23) |
| Fabaceae | Swartzia cubensis (Britt. & P. Wils.) Standl. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Fabaceae | Zygia gigantifolia (Schery) L. Rico | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49) |
| Flacourt. | Carpotroche platyptera Pittier | MT | D (30) | UN | A (55) |
| Flacourt. | Casearia arborea (L. C. Rich.) Urb. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (12,19,49) |
| Flacourt. | Casearia commersoniana Cambess. | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Flacourt. | Casearia coronata Standl. & L. O. Williams | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Flacourt. | Casearia silvestris Sw. var silvestris | C | H (7) | I (10) | A (19,62,55,58) |
| Flacourt. | Lacistema aggregatum (Berg.) Rusby | C | H (5) | UN (10) | A (62,18,55,10) |
| Flacourt. | Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichl. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Flacourt. | Ryania speciosa Vahl var. panamensis Monach. | MT | H (5) | UN | A (55) |
| Flacourt. | Xylosma chloranthum Donn. Sm. | MT | D (1) | I (10) | A (10) |
| Gesner. | Besleria columneoides Hanst. | S | H (30) | HB (30) | A (10,55) |
| Hernand. | Hernandia didymantha Donn. Sm. | C | M (5) | I (55) | A (55) |
| Hernand. | Hernandia stenura Standl. | C | M (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Hippocr. | Hippocratea volubilis L. | L | H (10) | UN (10) | W (19) |
| Humiriaceae | Sacoglottis trichogyna Cuatr. | C | H (55) | UN | A (55) |
| Icacinaceae | Calatola costaricensis Standl. | MT | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Icacinaceae | Leretia cordata Vell. | L | UN() | UN | A (18) |
| Lauraceae | Licaria sarapiquensis Hammel | C | H (7) | I (55) | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Licaria sp1 | C | H (7) | I (55) | A (49) |
| Lauraceae | Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kosterm. | C | H (7) | I (55) | A (49,55,20) |
| Lauraceae | Nectandra cissiflora Nees | C | H (10) | UN (10) | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Nectandra hypoleuca Hammel | C | H (10) | UN (10) | A (49,55,58,59) |
| Lauraceae | Nectandra membranacea (Sw.) Griseb. | C | H (5) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea atirrensis Mez & Donn. Sm. ex Mez | MT | H (30) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea babosa C. K. Allen vel sp. aff. | C | UN() | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez | C | D (55) | UN | A (19.49.55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea dendrodaphne Mez | MT | H (30) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea hartshorniana Hammel | C | UN() | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea ira Mez & Pittier ex Mez | C | UN() | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea meziana C. K. Allen | C | UN() | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea mollifolia Mez and Pittier ex Mez | C | UN() | UN | A (49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Ocotea tenera Mez & Donn. Sm. ex Mez | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (60,49,55) |
| Lauraceae | Phoebe chavarriana Hammel | MT | H (10) | UN (10) | A (55) |
| Lauraceae | Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana (Nees) Kosterm. | C | H (10) | UN (10) | A (49,55) |
| Lecythid. | Eschweilera costaricensis S. A. Mori | MT | H (55,29,40) | I (29,40) | A (55) |
| Lecythid. | Eschweilera longirachis S. A. Mori | MT | H (30,29,40) | I (30,29,40) | A (55) |
| Lecythid. | Eschweilera sp1 | C | H (29,40) | I (29,40) | A (55) |
| Lecythid. | Lecythis ampla Miers | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (30,55) |
| Logan. | Potalia amara Aubl. | MT | H (55) | UN | A (55) |
| Magnol. | Talauma gloriensis Pittier | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Malphig. | Bunchosia macrophylla Rose ex Donn. Sm. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Malphig. | Byrsonima crispa Adr. Juss. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Malphig. | Spachea correae Cuatr. and Croat | C | H (10) | I (10) | W (10) |
| Malvac. | Hampea appendiculata (Donn. Sm.) Standl. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (19,58,55) |
| Melastom. | Clidemia capitellata (Bonpl.) D. Don | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Clidemia densiflora (Standl.) Gleason | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (37,55) |
| Melastom. | Clidemia discolor (Tr.) Cogn. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Clidemia reitziana Cogn. & Gleason ex Gleason | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Clidemia septuplinervia Cogn. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Conostegia lasiopoda Benth. | S | H (10) | I (6) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Conostegia montana (Sw.) D. Don | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Melastom. | Conostegia sp1 | S | H (10,55) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Melastom. | Henriettea tuberculosa (Donn. Sm.) L. 0. Wms. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (37,55) |
| Melastom. | Leandra dichotoma (D. Don) Cogn. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Leandra granatensis Gleason | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Leandra sp1 | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia affinis DC. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (8,49,55,35,47,34) |
| Melastom. | Miconia appendiculata Tr. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia centrodesma Naud. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (8,49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia dorsiloba Gleason | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia elata (Sw.) DC. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia gracilis Tr. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia hammelii Almeda ined. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia lateriflora Cogn. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia ligulata Almeda | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia multispicata Naud. | C | H (5) | I (10) | A (49,55,48,47) |
| Melastom. | Miconia nervosa (J.E. Sm.) Tr. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (8,49,55,47) |
| Melastom. | Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naud. | MT | H (5) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia simplex Tr. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (37,49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia sp. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia splendens (Sw.) Griseb. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (47,49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia stevensiana Almeda | MT | H (5) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Melastom. | Miconia trinervia (Sw.) D. Don ex Loud. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (32,49,55,42) |
| Melastom. | Mouriri gleasoniana Standley ex Stand. & Steryerm. | MT | H (10) | I (10) | A (10,55) |
| Melastom. | Ossaea macrophylla (Benth.) Cogn. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (37,55) |
| Meliaceae | Carapa nicaraguensis C. DC. | C | H (5) | UN | A (55) |
| Meliaceae | Guarea bullata Radlk. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (49,30,55) |
| Meliaceae | Guarea grandifolia DC. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (13,39,55) |
| Meliaceae | Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (19,49,18,55,20) |
| Meliaceae | Guarea rhopalocarpa Radlk. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (27,30,55) |
| Meliaceae | Guarea sp1 | C | D (1) | I (55) | A (49,55) |
| Meliaceae | Trichilia pallida Sw. | C | D (1) | I (55) | A (49) |
| Meliaceae | Trichilia septentrionalis C. DC. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Menisperm. | Abuta panamensis (Standl.) Krukoff & Barneby | L | D (10) | UN (10) | A (13,55,14) |
| Monim. | Mollinedia costaricensis Donn. Sm. | MT | D (41) | UN | A (55) |
| Moraceae | Brosimum guianensis (Aubl.) J.E. Huber | C | D (10) | I (55,10,30) | A (10,55,20) |
| Moraceae | Brosimum lactescens (Moore) C.C. Berg | C | D (5) | I (10) | A (18,55,20,30) |
| Moraceae | Castilla elastica Sessé ssp. costaricana (Liebm.) C. C. Berg | C | D (5) | W (10) | A (39,55) |
| Moraceae | Clarisia biflora Ruiz & Pavon | C | D (5) | UN | A (18,55) |
| Moraceae | Ficus colubrinae Standl. | C | M (10) | I (10) | A (13,55) |
| Moraceae | Ficus glaucescens (Liebm.) Miq. | C | M (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Moraceae | Ficus tonduzii Standl. | C | M (30) | I (30) | A (19,49,55,10) |
| Moraceae | Maquira costaricana (Standl.) C. C. Berg | MT | D (30) | W (10) | A (55,10) |
| Moraceae | Naucleopsis naga Pittier | C | D (5) | UN | A (55) |
| Moraceae | Perebea angustifolia (Poepp. & Endl.) C. C. Berg | MT | D (30) | I (10) | A (55) |
| Moraceae | Sorocea pubivena Hemsl. | MT | D (30) | W (30) | A (49,55) |
| Moraceae | Trophis involucrata W. Burger | MT | D (30) | W (30) | A (27,55) |
| Moraceae | Trophis racemosa (L.) Urb. | C | D (30) | W (30) | A (49,55) |
| Myrist. | Compsoneura sprucei (A. DC.) Warb. | MT | D (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Myrist. | Otoba novogranatensis Moldenke | C | D (5) | UN | A (55) |
| Myrist. | Virola koschnyi Warb. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (26,55) |
| Myrist. | Virola sebifera Aubl. | C | D (5) | I (10) | A (10,55,33) |
| Myrsin. | Ardisia auriculata Donn. Sm. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,10) |
| Myrsin. | Ardisia granatensis Mez | MT | H (5) | I (55) | A (49,55,10) |
| Myrsin. | Ardisia nigropunctata Oerst. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55,34) |
| Myrsin. | Parathesis chrysophylla Lundell | C | H (10) | UN (10) | A (55) |
| Myrtac. | Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. | MT | H (30) | UN | A (49,18,55,20) |
| Nyctag. | Neea amplifolia Donn. Sm. | MT | D (10) | UN (10) | A (10,55,58) |
| Nyctag. | Neea psychotrioides Donn. Sm. | MT | D (30) | UN (10) | A (28,55,10) |
| Ochnac. | Cespedesia spathulata (Ruiz & Pav.) Planch. | C | H (10,55) | I (10,55) | W (10,55) |
| Ochnac. | Ouratea curvata (St. Hil.) Engler | MT | H (10) | I (10) | A (55) |
| Olacac. | Heisteria concinna Standl. | MT | H (10) | UN (10) | A (19,49,55) |
| Olacac. | Heisteria macrophylla Oerst. | MT | H (10) | UN (10) | A (55) |
| Olacac. | Minquartia guianensis Aubl. | C | H (55) | I (27) | A (27,55) |
| Piperaceae | Piper augustum Rudge | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper biseriatum C. DC. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper cenocladum C. DC. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30,55) |
| Piperaceae | Piper colonense C. DC. | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30,55) |
| Piperaceae | Piper decurrens C. DC. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper garagaranum C. DC. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper glabrescens (Miq.) C. DC. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30,55) |
| Piperaceae | Piper holdridgeianum W. Burger | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper imperiale (Miq.) C. DC. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper melanocladum C. DC. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper multiplinervium C. DC. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,27,30,55) |
| Piperaceae | Piper polytrichum C. DC. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper pseudoumbratum C. DC. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper sancti-felicis Trel. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30,55) |
| Piperaceae | Piper sp. "forest biggie" | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper trigonum C. DC. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Piperaceae | Piper urostachyum Hemsl. | S | H (30) | I (10) | A (49,27,30) |
| Quiinac. | Quiina schipii Standl. | C | D (55) | UN | A (55) |
| Rhamnac. | Colubrina spinosa Donn. Sm. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | E (10) |
| Rhizophor. | Cassipourea elliptica Sw. Poir | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (19,62,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Bertiera guianensis Aubl. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Rubiaceae | Borojoa panamensis Dwyer | C | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Rubiaceae | Coussarea hondensis (Standl.) C. M. Taylor & W. C. Burger | MT | H (10) | I (2) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Coussarea talamancana Standl. | MT | D (30) | I (30) | A (49) |
| Rubiaceae | Faramea parvibractea Steyerm. | MT | H (10) | I (5) | A (55,10) |
| Rubiaceae | Faramea stenura Standl. | MT | H (10) | I (5) | A (55,10) |
| Rubiaceae | Faramea suerrensis (Donn. Sm.) Donn. Sm. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (55,10) |
| Rubiaceae | Ferdinandusa panamensis Standl. & L. 0. Wms. | MT | UN() | UN | W (55) |
| Rubiaceae | Gonzalagunia bracteosa (Donn. Sm.) B. L. Robinson | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Hamelia xerocarpa 0. Ktze. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49) |
| Rubiaceae | Pentagonia donnell-smithii (Standl.) Standl. | MT | H (30) | HB (30) | A (10,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Posoqueria grandiflora Standl. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Rubiaceae | Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Roem. & Schult. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (19,20,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria brachybotrya Muell. Arg. | S | H (44) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria capacifolia Dwyer | S | H (44) | UN | A (49) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria chagrensis Standl. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria elata (Sw.) Hammel | S | H (30) | HB (30) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria eurycarpa Standl. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria glomerulata (Donn. Sm.) Steyerm. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria luxurians Rusby | MT | H (44) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria marginata Sw. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (19,55,62,34) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria officinalis (Aubl.) Raeusch. ex Sandw. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (36,55,34) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria panamensis Standl. var compressicaulis (K. Krause) C. W. Ham | MT | H (44) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria pilosa Ruiz & Pavon | S | H (44) | UN | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria poeppigiana Muell. Arg. | S | H (44) | UN | A (49) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria racemosa (Aubl.) Raeuschel | S | H (44) | HB (30) | A (62,49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Psychotria suerrensis Donn. Sm. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (49,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Randia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) Standl. | MT | D (30) | I (30) | A (10,55) |
| Rubiaceae | Rudgea cornifolia (HBK) Standl. | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49) |
| Rubiaceae | Simira maxonii (Standl.) Steyerm. | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (55) |
| Rubiaceae | Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotzsch | MT | H (30) | HB (30) | W (10,55) |
| Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum panamense P. Wils. | C | D (30) | I (30) | A (19,40,55) |
| Sabiaceae | Meliosma donnellsmithii Urb. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Sapindaceae | Cupania cinerea Poepp. & Endl. | C | M (7) | I (7) | A (49,18,20) |
| Sapindaceae | Cupania pseudostipularis T. D. Penn. sp. ined. | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Sapindaceae | Cupania sp1 | C | H (10) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Sapindaceae | Paullinia baileyi Standley | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Sapindaceae | Paullinia grandifolia Benth. ex Radlik. | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Sapindaceae | Paullinia pinnata L. | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (19,49,55) |
| Sapindaceae | Paullinia pterocarpa Tr. & Planch. | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Sapindaceae | Paullinia rugosa Benth. ex Radlk. | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Sapindaceae | Paullinia serjaniaefolia Tr. & Planch. | L | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,55) |
| Sapindaceae | Talisia nervosa Radlk. | MT | H (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Sapindaceae | Vouarana guianensis Aublet | C | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Sapotaceae | Pouteria campechiana (H.B.K.) Baehni | C | H (5) | I (10) | A (49,55,14) |
| Sapotaceae | Pouteria glomerata (Miq.) Radlk. | C | H (44) | I (10,44) | A (49,10) |
| Sapotaceae | Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma | C | H (44) | I (10,44) | A (49,10) |
| Sapotaceae | Pouteria sp. | C | H (44) | I (10,44) | A (49,10) |
| Sapotaceae | Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. ssp. tuberculata (Sleumer) T. D. Penn | C | H (44) | I (10,44) | A (49,55,10) |
| Simaroub. | Quassia simarouba Aubl. | C | H (10) | HB (10) | A (10,55) |
| Siparunac. | Siparuna grandiflora (Kunthin Humb and Bonpl.) A. DC | S | D (10) | I (16,17) | A (49) |
| Siparunac. | Siparuna guianensis Aubl. | C | D (5) | I (16,17) | A (49,55) |
| Siparunac. | Siparuna pauciflora (Beurl.) A. DC. | C | D (30) | I (16,17) | A (19,49,55) |
| Siparunac. | Siparuna thecaphora (Poepp. & Endl.) A. DC. | S | D (10) | I (16,17) | A (49) |
| Smilac. | Smilax sp | L | D (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Smilac. | Smilax sp.1 | L | D (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Smilac. | Smilax sp2 | L | D (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Smilac. | Smilax sp3 | L | D (10) | I (10) | A (49,10) |
| Solanaceae | Cestrum megalophyllum Dunal | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (58,55) |
| Solanaceae | Cestrum racemosum Ruiz & Pavon | MT | H (30) | I (10) | A (58,55) |
| Solanaceae | Solanum arboreum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Dunal | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (49) |
| Solanaceae | Solanum rugosum Dunal | S | H (30) | I (30) | A (9,49,55) |
| Solanaceae | Solanum sp. | S | H (10) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Staphyl. | Turpinia occidentalis (Sw.) G. Don. | MT | H (10) | UN (10) | A (12,19,49) |
| Stercul. | Herrania purpurea (Pittier) R. E. Schultes | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (10,55) |
| Stercul. | Sterculia recordiana Standl. var papyraceae E. Taylor | C | M (10) | I (5) | A (55) |
| Stercul. | Theobroma mammosum Cuatr. & J. Leon | MT | H (5) | I (10) | A (55) |
| Stercul. | Theobroma simiarum Donn. Sm. | MT | H (5) | I (10) | A (55) |
| Symploc. | Symplocos sp1 | MT | UN() | UN | A (55) |
| Tiliaceae | Apeiba membranacea Spruce ex Benth. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (20,45) |
| Tiliaceae | Goethalsia meiantha (Donn. Sm.) Burret | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (55) |
| Tiliaceae | Luehea seemannii Tr. & Planch. | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (12,19,55) |
| Ulmaceae | Ampelocera macrocarpa A. Gentry and Forero | C | UN() | I (55) | A (55) |
| Ulmaceae | Celtis schippii Trel. ex Standl. | C | M (5) | W (10) | A (20) |
| Verbenac. | Aegiphila sp | S | H (10,55) | I (10) | A (49) |
| Verbenac. | Callicarpa acuminata HBK | MT | D (55) | UN | A (55) |
| Verbenac. | Vitex cooperi Standl. | C | H (30) | I (30) | A (55) |
| Violaceae | Gloeospermum boreale C. V. Morton | S | H (30) | UN | A (55) |
| Violaceae | Rinorea deflexiflora H. H. Bartl. | MT | H (30) | I (30) | A (10) |
| Vochysiac. | Vochysia ferruginea Mart. | C | H (30) | I (30) | W (55) |
Key to Appendix 1
|
Number |
Source |
Number |
Source |
||
|
1 |
Bawa 1974 |
42 |
Ricklefs 1977 |
||
|
2 |
Bawa and Beach 1983 |
43 |
Roosmalen 1985 |
||
|
3 |
Bawa and Crisp 1980 |
44 |
Sakai et al. 1995 |
||
|
4 |
Bawa and Opler 1975 |
45 |
Smythe 1970 |
||
|
5 |
Bawa , Perry and Beach 1985 |
46 |
Smythe, Glanz and Leigh Jr. 1996 |
||
|
6 |
Bawa et al. 1985 |
47 |
Snow 1965 |
||
|
7 |
Bullock 1985 |
48 |
Snow 1970 |
||
|
8 |
Byrne and Levey 1993 |
49 |
Snow 1981 |
||
|
9 |
Charles-Dominique 1983 |
50 |
Steege and Hammond 2001 |
||
|
10 |
Croat 1978 |
51 |
Steiner 1983 |
||
|
11 |
Cunningham 1996 |
52 |
Tchapka , M. pc. |
||
|
12 |
Dalling, Hubbell and Silvera 1998 |
53 |
Terborgh 1986 |
||
|
13 |
Dorp 1985 |
54 |
Uhl and Moore 1977 |
||
|
14 |
Estrada and Coates-Estrada 1986 |
55 |
Vargas, O. p.c. |
||
|
15 |
Estrada and Fleming 1986 |
56 |
Vazquez-Yanes et al. 1975 |
||
|
16 |
Feil 1992 |
57 |
Wasserthal, T. p.c. |
||
|
17 |
Feil and Renner 1991 |
58 |
Wheelwright et al. 1984 |
||
|
18 |
Foster and Janson 1985 |
59 |
Wheelwright 1985 |
||
|
19 |
Foster 1996 |
60 |
Wheelwright 1993 |
||
|
20 |
Foster, Arce and Wachter 1986 |
61 |
Willson 1993 |
||
|
21 |
Gill, Fowler and Mori 1998 |
62 |
Worthington 1996 |
||
|
22 |
Glanz et al. 1996 |
63 |
Zona and Henderson 1989 |
||
|
23 |
Hamrick and Loveless 1986 |
||||
|
24 |
Hamrick, Murawski and Nason 1993 |
Abbreviations |
|||
|
25 |
Henderson 1986 |
C = canopy tree |
|||
|
26 |
Howe 1984 |
D = dioecious |
|||
|
27 |
Janzen 1983 |
E = explosive |
|||
|
28 |
Kantak 1979 |
G = gravity |
|||
|
29 |
Knudsen and Mori 1996 |
H = hermaphroditic |
|||
|
30 |
Kress and Beach 1994 |
HB = hummingbird |
|||
|
31 |
Kuchmeister, Silberbaurer-Gottsberger and Gottsberger 1997 |
I = insect |
|||
|
32 |
Land 1963 |
L = liana |
|||
|
33 |
Leigh 1999 |
M = monoecious |
|||
|
34 |
Levey 1986 |
MA = mammal |
|||
|
35 |
Loiselle 1990 |
MT = midstory tree |
|||
|
36 |
Loiselle and Blake 1993 |
P = canopy palm |
|||
|
37 |
Loiselle and Blake 1999 |
S = shrub |
|||
|
38 |
McDiarmid, Ricklefs and Foster 1977 |
U = understory palm |
|||
|
39 |
Medellin and Gaona 1999 |
UN = unknown |
|||
|
40 |
Prance 1976 |
W = wind |
|||
|
41 |
Renner, S. p.c. |
||||
Literature cited
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Bawa, K. S., and J. H. Beach. 1983. Self-incompatibility systems in the Rubiaceae of a tropical lowland wet forest. American Journal of Botany 70:1281–1288.
Bawa, K. S., S. H. Bullock, D. R. Perry, R. E. Coville, and H. M. Grayum. 1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. II. Pollination systems. American Journal of Botany 72:346–356.
Bawa, K. S., and J. E. Crisp. 1980. Wind-pollination in the understorey of a rain forest in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 68:871–876.
Bawa, K. S. and P. A. Opler. 1975. Dioecism in tropical forest trees. Evolution 29:167–179.
Bawa, K. S., D. R. Perry, and J. H. Beach. 1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest tress. I. Sexual systems and incompatibility mechanisms. American Journal of Botany 72:331–345.
Bullock, S. H. 1985. Breeding systems in the flora of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 17:287–301.
Byrne, M. M., and D. J. Levey. 1993. Removal of seeds from frugivore defecations by ants in a Costa Rican rain forest. Pages 363–374 in T. H. Fleming and A. Estrada, editors. Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Belgium.
Charles-Dominique, P. 1993. Speciation and coevolution: an interpretation of frugivory phenomena. Pages 75–84 in T. H. Fleming and A. Estrada, editors. Frugivory and seed dispersal: ecological and evolutionary aspects. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Belgium.
Croat, T. B. 1978. Flora of Barro Colorado Island. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, USA.
Cunningham, S. A. 1996. Pollen supply limits fruit initiation by a rain forest understorey palm. Journal of Ecology 84:185–194.
Dalling, W. J., P. S. Hubbell, and K. Silvera. 1998. Seed dispersal, seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical pioneer trees. Journal of Ecology 86:674-689.
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