Associate Editor
David A. Gooding
ESA Publications Office,
127 W. State Street, Suite 301,
Ithaca, NY 14850-5427
E-mail: dag25@cornell.edu



Production Editor
Regina Przygocki
ESA Publications Office,
127 W. State Street, Suite 301,
Ithaca, NY 14850-5427
E-mail: esa_journals@cornell.edu

Section Editor, Ecology 101
H. Ornes
College of Sciences, SB310A, Southern Utah University
Cedar City, UT 84720 E-mail: ornes@ssu.edu


Section Editor, Public Affairs Perspective
N. Lymn
Director for Public Affairs, ESA Headquarters,
1707 H Street, NW, Suite 400,
Washington, DC 20036 E-mail: nadine@esa.org

Section Editors,
Emerging Technologies
D. W. Inouye
Department of Biology,
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
E-mail: inouye@.umd.edu
and S. Scheiner
Div. of Environmental Biology
Natl. Science Foundation
4201 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22230
E-mail: sscheine@nsf.gov

Section Editors,
Ecological Education: K–12
S. Barker
Dept. of Secondary Education
350 Education South,
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
T6G 2G5 Canada
E-mail: susan.barker@ualberta.ca
and C. W. Anderson
319A Erickson Hall, Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
E-mail: andya@msu.edu

Call for Nominations: ESA Awards

The Awards Committee of the Ecological Society of America solicits and encourages nominations from members of the ESA for each of the awards listed below. ESA especially encourages nominations of candidates from traditionally underrepresented groups, including women and minorities. In preparing a nomination, it would be helpful to consult with the Chair of the specific award subcommittee or the Awards Committee Chair. More information about the process is available on ESA’s web page ‹http://www.esa.org› under ESA Awards.

Nomination schedule

To be given full consideration, nominations for awards should be completed by 30 November 2005. They should be submitted directly to Chairs of the specific award subcommittees (e-mail addresses below) or to the Awards Committee Chair, Judith L. Bronstein, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, (520) 621-3534, fax (520) 621-9190, ‹judieb@email.arizona.edu›. A complete statement on policies and procedures for the ESA Awards may be obtained by contacting the address above.

Robert H. MacArthur Award

The MacArthur Award is given to an established ecologist in mid-career for meritorious contributions to ecology, in the expectation of continued outstanding ecological research. Nominees may be from any country and need not be ESA members. This award is given in alternate years, and the recipient is invited to address the membership at the Annual Meeting following his/her selection. Recent recipients include Stephen R. Carpenter, James H. Brown, and May Berenbaum. Nominations consisting of a letter of nomination, up to two supporting letters, and a recent CV should be sent to Robert Colwell, Chair of the ESA MacArthur Award Subcommittee ‹colwell@uconn.edu›.

Eminent Ecologist Award

The Eminent Ecologist Award is given to a senior ecologist in recognition of an outstanding body of ecological work or of sustained ecological contributions of extraordinary merit. Nominees may be from any country and need not be ESA members. Recipients receive lifetime active membership in the Society. Recent recipients include Charles Krebs, Richard Root, Sam McNaughton, and Lawrence Slobodkin. To submit a nomination, contact Paul Dayton, Chair, Eminent Ecologist Award Subcommittee ‹pdayton@ucsd.edu›.

Odum Education Award

The Eugene P. Odum Award recognizes an ecologist for outstanding work in ecology education. This award was generously endowed by, and named for, the distinguished ecologist Eugene P. Odum. Through teaching, outreach, and mentoring activities, recipients of this award have demonstrated their ability to relate basic ecological principles to human affairs. Nominations recognizing achievements in education at the university, K–12, and public levels are all encouraged. Recent recipients include Alan Berkowitz, Richard Root, and James Porter. To submit a nomination, contact Charlene d’Avanzo, Chair, ESA Odum Education Award Subcommittee ‹cdavanzo@hampshire.edu›.

Honorary Member Award

Honorary Membership in the Society is given to a distinguished ecologist who has made exceptional contributions to ecology and whose principal residence and site of ecological research are outside of North America. Up to three awards may be made in any one year until a total of 20 is reached. Nominations of women and minority candidates, as well as those from developing countries, are especially encouraged. Recent honorees include Norman Owen-Smith, Madhav Gadgil, Carlos Herrera, and Erkki Haukioja. To submit a nomination, contact Sandra Tartowski, Chair, Honorary Member Award Subcommittee ‹slt2@cornell.edu›.

George Mercer Award

The Mercer Award is given for an outstanding ecological research paper published by a younger researcher (the lead author must be 40 years of age or younger at the time of publication). If the award is given for a paper with multiple authors, all authors will receive a plaque, and those 40 years of age or younger at the time of publication will share the monetary prize. The paper must have been published in 2004 or 2005 to be eligible for the 2005 award. Nominees may be from any country and need not be ESA members. Recent recipients include Jean L. Richardson, John Stachowitz, and Daniel Bolnick. Nominations should be sent to Ellen Simms, Chair, Mercer Award Subcommittee ‹esimms@berkeley.edu›.

W. S. Cooper Award

The W. S. Cooper Award is given to honor an outstanding contributor to the fields of geobotany and/or physiographic ecology, the fields in which W. S. Cooper worked. This award is for a single contribution in a scientific publication (single or multiple authored). Nominees need not be ESA members and can be of any nationality. Recent recipients include David Foster and coauthors; Jack Williams and coauthors; and Daniel Gavin and coauthors. Nominations should be sent to Steven Jackson, Chair, Cooper Award Subcommittee ‹jackson@uwyo.edu›.

Distinguished Service Citation

The Distinguished Service Citation is given to recognize long and distinguished service to the ESA, to the larger scientific community, and to the larger purpose of ecology in the public welfare. Recent recipients are H. Ronald Pulliam, Allen M. Solomon, Jim Reichman, and Jim MacMahon. To submit a nomination, contact Paul Dayton, Chair, Distinguished Service Citation Subcommittee ‹pdayton@ucsd.edu›.

Sustainability Science Award

The Sustainability Science Award is given to the authors of a scholarly work that makes the greatest contribution to the emerging science of ecosystem and regional sustainability through the integration of ecological and social sciences. One of the most pressing challenges facing humanity is the sustainability of important ecological, social, and cultural processes in the face of changes in the forces that shape ecosystems and regions. This ESA award is for a single scholarly contribution (book, book chapter, or peer-reviewed journal article) published in the last 5 years. Nominees need not be ESA members and can be of any age, nationality, or place of residence. Recent recipients are Marten Scheffer and colleagues, and Thomas Dietz and colleagues. To submit a nomination, please contact Terry Chapin, Chair of the Sustainability Science Award Subcommittee ‹terry.chapin@uaf.edu›.

Corporate Award

The Corporate Award is given to recognize a corporation, business, division, program, or an individual of a company for accomplishments in incorporating sound ecological concepts, knowledge, and practices into planning and operating procedures. This award was designed to encourage use of ecological concepts in business and private industry and to enhance communication among ecologists in the private sector. Educational institutions and government agencies are not eligible for this award. Recent recipients of the Corporate Award include Adam Davis of EPRI Solutions, Cornell University’s Department of Utilities and Energy Management, Norm Thompson Outfitters, Taylor Guitars, and Bon Appétit Management Company.

The award can be made each year in any one of the following six categories:

A) Environmental Education:
Organizations producing educational materials in print, film, video, software, or multimedia formats; conducting workshops or training sessions; or providing other types of educational products or services that are primarily concerned with environmental education.

B) Stewardship of Land Resources:
Organizations concerned with the use of land resources, land‑use planning, multiple use of land resources, resource extraction, land development, and related activities.

C) Resource Recycling:
Organizations concerned with the recovery, reclamation, or recycling of natural resources such as wood and paper products, glass, metals, waste water, and related residuals.

D) Amelioration of Risks from Hazardous and Toxic Substances:
Organizations concerned with the safe manufacturing, distribution, and use of hazardous and toxic substances, those concerned with the identification and reduction of risks, as well as those in mitigative and restorative activities.

E) Sustainability of Biological Resources in Terrestrial Environments:
Organizations concerned with forestry, wildlife management, range management, and agroecosystems, including areas such as soil conservation, integrated pest management, fertilization, irrigation, hybridization, and genetic engineering.

F) Sustainability of Biological Resources in Aquatic Environments:
Organizations concerned with aquaculture and commercial fishing, including shellfishing and related industries; sports fishing, boating, and related recreational uses; lake management and restoration; wetlands protection and restoration; channelization; dredging; and related activities.

Nominations for the Corporate award may be made by industrial representatives, government officials, the general public, ESA members, or by members of the ESA Corporate Award Subcommittee. To submit a nomination or to obtain more information about the nomination procedure, please contact Laura Huenneke, Corporate Award Subcommittee ‹Laura.Huenneke@nau.edu ›.

Murray F. Buell Award and E. Lucy Braun Award

Murray F. Buell had a long and distinguished record of service and accomplishment in the Ecological Society of America. Among other things, he ascribed great importance to the participation of students in meetings and to excellence in the presentation of papers. To honor his selfless dedication to the younger generation of ecologists, the Murray F. Buell Award for Excellence in Ecology is given to a student for the outstanding oral paper presented at the ESA Annual Meeting.

E. Lucy Braun, an eminent plant ecologist and one of the charter members of the Society, studied and mapped the deciduous forest regions of eastern North America and described them in her classic book, The Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. To honor her, the E. Lucy Braun Award for Excellence in Ecology is given to a student for the outstanding poster presentation at the ESA Annual Meeting.

A candidate for these awards must be an undergraduate, a graduate student, or a recent doctorate not more than 9 months past graduation at the time of the meeting. The paper or poster must be presented as part of the program sponsored by the Ecological Society of America, but the student need not be an ESA member. To be eligible for these awards the student must be the sole or senior author of the oral paper (Note: symposium talks are ineligible) or poster. Papers and posters will be judged on the significance of ideas, creativity, quality of methodology, validity of conclusions drawn from results, and clarity of presentation. While all students are encouraged to participate, winning papers and posters typically describe fully completed projects. The students selected for these awards will be announced in the ESA Bulletin following the Annual Meeting. A certificate and a check for $500 will be presented to each recipient at the next ESA Annual Meeting.

If you wish to be considered for either of these awards at the 2006 Annual Meeting, you must send the following to the Chair of the Student Awards Subcommittee: (1) the application form below, (2) a copy of your abstract, and (3) a 250-word or less description of why/how the research presented will advance the field of ecology. Because of the large number of applications for the Buell and Braun awards in recent years, applicants may be pre-screened prior to the meeting, based on the quality of the abstract and this description of the significance of their research. The application form, abstract, and research justification must be sent by mail, fax, or e-mail (e-mail is preferred; send e-mail to sacchi@kutztown.edu) to the Chair of the Student Awards Subcommittee: Dr. Christopher F. Sacchi, Department of Biology, Kutztown University of PA, Kutztown, PA 19530 USA. If you have questions, write, call (610) 683-4314, fax (610) 683-4854, or e-mail: sacchi@kutztown.edu. You will be provided with suggestions for enhancing a paper or poster. The deadline for submission of form and abstract is 1 March 2006; applications sent after 1 March 2006 will not be considered. This submission is in addition to the regular abstract submission. Buell/Braun participants who fail to notify the B/B Chair by 1 May of withdrawal from the meeting will be ineligible, barring exceptional circumstances, for consideration in the future. Electronic versions of the Application Form are available on the ESA web site, or you can send an e-mail to sacchi@kutztown.edu and request that an electronic version be sent to you as an attachment.

Application Form for Buell or Braun Award

Name _______________________________________________________________________________________

Current Mailing Address _____________________________________________________________________________

Current Telephone _________________________________________________________________________________

E-mail __________________________________________________________________________________________

College/University Affiliation ___________________________________________________________________________

Title of Presentation _________________________________________________________________________________

Presentation: Paper (Buell Award) ______ Poster (Braun Award) _______

At the time of presentation I will be (check one):
______an undergraduate student ______a graduate student______a recent doctorate not more than 9 months past graduation

I will be the sole ____ /senior ____ author (check one) of the paper/poster.

Signed (electronic signatures are OK)

Please attach a copy of your abstract and 250-word or less description of why/how the research presented will advance the field of ecology.

2005 Student Awards Judges

The 2005 Student Awards Selection Subcommittee, Christopher F. Sacchi (Chair), Anita Davelos Baines, Judie Bronstein, Peter Kotanen, Paul Marino, and J. Alan Yeakley, thank the following individuals for judging presented papers and posters at this year’s Annual Meeting in Montreal, Canada.

One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment

In celebration of World Environment Day on 3 June 2005 the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in cooperation with NASA, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the University of Maryland launched One Planet, Many People: Atlas of our Changing Environment, a publication that provides visual evidence of environmental change using satellite images, graphics, and text. The focus is on the environmental status and trends over several decades, both in physical and human geography. The 332-page hardbound Atlas presents visual evidence of global environmental changes resulting from natural processes and human-induced activities. The Atlas demonstrates how our growing number of people and their consumption patterns are shrinking our natural resource base. The challenge is, how do we satisfy human needs without compromising the health of ecosystems? One Planet, Many People is an additional wake-up call to this need. Access the Atlas online at ‹www.na.unep.net›. Order your hard copy from ‹www.earthprint.com›.

Reader’s Feedback

One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment, clearly illustrates that our ozonosphere has been threatened by human activities. It also shows that this problem has been practically solved due to the collaborative efforts of the different sectors of our society. We all need to work together to address the many other problems that affect the health of our planet. As illustrated in this atlas, we need integrated, interdisciplinary approaches to mitigate the adverse effects of human-induced activities on the environment.
—Mario J. Molina
Institute Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Co-Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.

One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment demonstrates how our growing number of people and their consumption patterns are shrinking our natural resource base. The challenge is how do we satisfy human needs without compromising the health of ecosystems. One Planet Many People is an additional wake-up call to this need.
–Ola Ullsten
Co-Chair World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development
Former Prime Minister of Sweden

Thanks for the book, I read it last night and find it both interesting and stimulating . . . .
—Jack Dangermond
President, ESRI, Redlands, California

One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment shows us our home as it really is, not only where it is now but where it has been. It becomes quite evident that we have had a huge and largely negative effect on the rest of life of earth— the biodiversity with which our well-being is intricately tied both directly and indirectly. The atlas provides an indispensable guide for a better future for humanity through maintenance of the splendor and magnificence of biodiversity.
—Thomas E. Lovejoy
President of H. John Heinz III Center for Science

So great, so wonderful, so outstanding, . . . This will be an asset for all people in the globe who care for the mother earth.
—Medini Bhandari
Founder (in 1985) of the Association for Protection of Environment and Culture (APEC-Nepal)

One Planet, Many People—what an outstanding publication! Aesthetics, Science, and Message; this book has it all:
1) First impression: interesting and beautiful pictures, intriguing maps and time sequences, and informative charts and graphs.
2) Next impression: a thorough documentation of the nature and extent of the many ways humans have impacted our planet.
3) Lasting impression: our planet is beautiful, fragile, to a limited degree self healing, but very dependent on our intelligent habitation for our well being and, eventually, our survival.
—Ed Gibson, former astronaut,
Senior Vice President with Science Applications International Corporation

Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using CANOCO

17–28 January 2006, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic

This course introduces modern approaches to multivariate data analysis, with much time allocated to practicals, where participants do work with their own data.

In-depth lectures and practical exercises are provided for the following topics:

• Classical ordination methods (PCA, CA, DCA, PCO, NMDS)

• Constrained ordination methods (RA, CCA) including partial analyses and permutation tests of multivariate hypotheses

• Thorough explanation of how to interpret the contents of ordination diagrams.

In addition, we provide an overview of classification methods (cluster analysis, TWINSPAN), modern regression methods (GLM, GAM, CART), and experimental design.

Course lecturers have written a book published by the Cambridge University Press: Lepš, Jan and Petr Šmilauer. 2003. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Additional details about the course can be found at the web page ‹http://regent.bf.jcu.cz› or contact the course manager, Petr Šmilauer:
E-mail: petrsm@jcu.cz.

Fellowship in Ecological Restoration to Be Awarded by the Garden Club of America

The Garden Club of America (GCA) announces a competition for a Fellowship in Ecological Restoration, which will be awarded to an exceptional graduate student to assist with study and research. The winning applicant will receive $8000 to support specialized study in ecological restoration at a leading accredited university in the United States. The University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum will administer the fellowship.

All applications will be reviewed by a selection panel of research scientists and approved by the GCA Scholarship Committee. Selection criteria will include the degree to which the proposed fellowship work addresses the objectives of the GCA, as well as the excellence of the student’s academic and personal qualifications.

This past March, the GCA Scholarship Committee awarded scholarships, fellowships, awards and stipends totaling $162,000 to 55 recipients for 2005–2006 in the fields of conservation, environmental studies, horticulture, botany, and landscape architecture.

The GCA, a national nonprofit organization comprising 196 clubs in 40 states and the District of Columbia, is a recognized national leader in the fields of horticulture, conservation, and civic improvement, and is headquartered in New York City. Since its founding in 1913, it has worked to restore, improve, and protect the quality of the environment through educational programs and action in the fields of conservation, preservation, and civic improvement.

For the purposes of this scholarship, “Ecological Restoration” is defined in accordance with the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER): “Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery and management of ecological integrity. Ecological integrity includes a critical range of variability in biodiversity, ecological processes and structures, regional and historical context, and sustainable cultural practices.”

Letters of application must be received by the selection committee by 14 January 2006. For guidelines and frequently asked questions, go to the GCA Web site at ‹http://www.gcamerica.org/scholarship/ecorestor.html›

Committee reviews will be completed early in March 2006 and the recipient will be notified, and the award made, by the GCA Scholarship Committee shortly thereafter. For further information, contact:

Dr. Mark Leach, Ecologist
University of Wisconsin-Madison Arboretum
1207 Seminole Highway, Madison, WI 53711
(608) 263-7344
Fax: 608/262-5209
E-mail: mkleach@wisc.edu

Peter Yodzis
1943–2005

Renowned theoretical ecologist Peter Yodzis, Professor Emeritus at the University of Guelph (Guelph, Canada), husband to Susan and father to Hans and Michael, passed away in Guelph, Canada on 28 March 2005. Peter was afflicted with ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Lou Gehrig’s disease), a crippling and terminal disease that deteriorates the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Peter was an eminent leader in theoretical community and food web ecology. He was an advocate for an energy-based view of the world as a means to simplify the sheer complexity of both mathematical models and nature.

Peter was born on 10 July 1943 in Baltimore, USA. Like a number of theoreticians working in ecology in the 1970s, Peter was first a physicist by training. He received a B.Sc in 1964 from Duke University in North Carolina and a Ph.D in mathematical physics in 1969 from New Mexico State University. Following a series of postdoctoral fellowships in Dublin, Ireland and Hamburg, Germany, he joined the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Bern, Switzerland. While at Bern working on relativity theory, Peter became interested in theoretical ecology, and he shifted his focus to that subject. Peter published his first paper on theoretical ecology in 1976 in the journal Nature, and soon after he became a regular lecturer on the subject at the University of Zurich’s Zoological Museum, where he became acquainted with his most influential mentor, Professor Hans Burla. Peter made a move to the Department of Zoology at the University of Guelph in 1979, where he enjoyed a successful 25-year career.

Late in his career Peter was diagnosed with ALS, and like many patients, he was ultimately confined to a wheelchair and had only limited mobility in his lower extremities. Despite the dire physical challenges of the disease, Peter continued to work with the passion and rigor that marked his entire career. In 2004 he retired from an active role and was honored with the status of Professor Emeritus. Following his retirement, Peter continued to collaborate with his colleagues and to pursue his own research directives.

Compared to many accomplished ecologists, Peter’s publication record is brief. However, his attention to detail and the rigor with which he conducted research is evident in each of his publications. Peter was a true proponent of the maxim “quality over quantity.” During his 25 years at Guelph, Peter supervised only a small number of graduate students, but his ability to inspire and teach is evident when considering that all have continued on to careers in science. Peter believed that ecologists, as scientists, should be familiar with mathematics, and he passed on this idea to graduate and undergraduate students alike. His desire to make biologists mathematically and computationally literate met resistance, but he persevered. In the words he often used to his graduate students, “You’ve got to fight the good fight.” When Peter believed in something, he could not be swayed. He was a true teacher and mentor who cared more about content and rigor than pleasing everyone.

In 1980 and 1981 Peter published two groundbreaking papers on the connnectance and stability of real ecosystems. At this time theoretical ecologists were bewildered by the discrepancy between natural ecosystems, which appeared to be stable and resilient, and the instability exhibited by ecosystem models. These two papers awoke ecologists to the importance of the trophic organization of ecosystems (which had previously been considered somewhat random) and prompted decades of research into the subject. In 1988 Peter published his best known paper, “The indeterminacy of ecological interactions as perceived through press perturbation experiments.” The conclusion, that the consequences of a perturbation on a food web are frequently impossible to determine from short-term observations of the system, has resonated consistently through the food web literature. It also suggested that the management of such complex systems may be better understood within a probabilistic framework, since complex systems are prone to a dizzying array of potential responses.

In an attempt to deal with such complexity and its baroque consequences, Peter then employed bioenergetic reasoning as a means to simplify food web dynamical models. The 1992 paper “Body size and consumer-resource dynamics,” co-authored by physiologist Stuart Innes, has frequently been used as a means to understand the role of energy flow in driving food web dynamics. This paper was one of the first to unite trophic models with organismal physiology.

Peter had a gift for communicating science—an unusual ability to integrate simple explanations and profound mathematical theory with such clarity that he could impress a message upon the most accomplished ecological theoretician and the interested layman with a single line of text. Attesting to this, Peter’s 1989 textbook, Introduction to Theoretical Ecology, appears often in the syllabi of current courses and is, despite its age, still considered an essential reference for any theoretician. Perhaps his most well-known work to those outside theoretical ecology was published with his long-time friend Alan Held, “On the Einstein-Murphy interaction.” Here they provide a satirical test of the claim that “bread always falls butter side down,” which they argued must contradict either Einstein’s theory of general relativity or Murphy’s Law—both of which are known to be true.

Toward the end of his career, Peter’s battle with ALS limited his travel to conferences and forced him to turn down the many speaking invitations he received. Hearing this, John Vandermeer of the University of Michigan suggested that if Peter could not go to a meeting, then a meeting should come to Peter. Many of Peter’s closest colleagues at the University of Guelph and abroad, excited by this idea, hurriedly organized a colloquium in his honour. As a testament to Peter’s reputation and broad affiliation, the program was quickly filled by a distinguished list of colleagues: Jim Brown, Don DeAngelis, John Harwood, and Kirk Winemiller. Peter himself delivered the final lecture, entitled “The seven scholia of bioenergetic allometric models,” and received a standing ovation for his charismatic and brave performance. The colloquium has since spawned an annual series at the University of Guelph, aptly named the “Peter Yodzis Colloquia in Fundamental Ecology,” and a new book series, Fundamental Ecology, chronicling the colloquia. (More information about past and upcoming “Peter Yodzis Colloquia in Fundamental Ecology” and the book series Fundamental Ecology is available on the Internet at ‹http://www.ecologycolloquia.uoguelph.ca/›)

Those of us who had the opportunity to know Peter realized that he possessed an incredibly warm personality and a love of laughter. Peter was an avid practitioner of Aikido, a dynamic martial art that emphasizes control of one’s opponent through use of the opponent’s energy. Peter was a lover of classical music, debate, and the Japanese art of Haiku poetry. When asked why he made the change from the study of general relativity to theoretical ecology, Peter’s recurring answer was, “Because I wanted to change the world.” Peter was an outstanding colleague and teacher and a dear friend. He will be sadly missed by all.

David A. Vasseur and Kevin S. McCann
Department of Integrative Biology
University of Guelph
Guelph, ON
N1G 2W1 Canada