Ecological Archives A011-005-A1

Richard T. Conant, Keith Paustian, and Edward T. Elliott. 2001. Grassland management and conversion into grassland: effects on soil carbon. Ecological Applications 11: 343-355.

Appendix A. Characteristics of data used to assess the effects of land management and land conversion on soil carbon. 
 
Citation Management
change		 Duration
(years)		 Depth
(cm)		 Initial
soil C		 Final
soil C		 Units1 Latitude Longitude
Argentina
Abril and Bucher 1999 grazing 20 20 35.38 85.18 tC ha-1 -24.7 -63.3
Abril and Bucher 1999 grazing 8 20 35.38 66.49 tC ha-1 -24.7 -63.3
Australia
Barrow 1969 fertilization 33 12 12.18 32.91 tC ha-1 -33 116
Carr and Turner 1959 grazing 10 8 47.53 29.37 tC ha-1 -37.9 145
Chan and Mead 1988 conversion
from cultivation		 25 25 30.18 49.63 tC ha-1 -33 148.5
Chan et al. 1988 conversion
from cultivation		 8 10 0.9 1.3 %C -30 147
Chan et al. 1988 conversion
from cultivation		 50 10 0.9 1.4 %C -30 147
Chan et al. 1988 conversion
from cultivation		 9 10 0.7 1.2 %C -30 147
Chan et al. 1988  conversion
from cultivation		 20 10 0.5 0.9 %C -30 147.3
Chan 1997 conversion
from cultivation		 3 10 4.35 5.37 %C -30 148
Chan 1997 conversion
from cultivation		 3 10 7.88 9.34 %C -30 148
Crocker and Holford 1991 fertilization 20 8 2.02 2.32 %C -30.8 151
Crocker and Holford 1991 fertilization 20 8 2.75 2.82 %C -30.8 150.8
Crocker and Holford 1991 fertilization 20 8 2.63 2.85 %C -30.8 150.8
Golchin et al. 1995 conversion
from cultivation		 75 10 0.75 2.30 %C -36.7 143.6
Golchin et al. 1995 conversion
from cultivation		 50 10 1.83 3.53 %C -34.9 138.9
Kohn et al. 1977 fertilization 5 30 1.23 1.18 %C -35.3 147
Kohn et al. 1977 fertilization 5 30 1.23 1.16 %C -35.3 147
Kohn et al. 1977 fertilization 5 30 1.23 1.21 %C -35.3 147
Loss et al. 1993 conversion 41 60 0.48 0.64 %C -31.4 115.8
Lytton-Hitchins et al. 
1994		 fertilization 15 5 40.99 45.49 tC ha-1 -36.3 145.6
Myers 1976 fertilization 5 20 0.676 0.666 %C -14.5 132.5
Oades et al. 1988 fertilization 40 10 2.06 2.18 %C -34.9 138.9
Oades et al. 1988 conversion
from cultivation		 60 10 1.06 2.18 %C -34.9 138.9
Ridley et al. 1990b fertilization 73 60 77.19 82.46 tC ha-1 -36.5 147
Ridley et al. 1990b fertilization 73 60 77.19 91.76 tC ha-1 -36.5 147
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 40 60 4.37 4.36 %C -37.4 147.4
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 35 60 4.42 5.99 %C -37.4 147.4
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 30 60 3.10 3.94 %C -37 146.5
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 46 60 4.31 4.12 %C -36.5 147
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 34 60 1.40 3.81 %C -36 147.2
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 46 60 2.21 2.43 %C -37 146.5
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 31 60 2.36 3.08 %C -36.7 146.4
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 40 60 2.68 2.63 %C -37.5 149.5
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 40 60 2.43 2.84 %C -37.5 149.5
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 46 60 2.30 3.16 %C -37 146.5
Ridley et al. 1990a fertilization 40 60 3.82 3.37 %C -37.4 147.4
Rixon 1966 legume sown 5 8 2.40 2.66 tC ha-1 -35 149
Rixon 1966 legume sown 5 8 2.68 3.45 tC ha-1 -35 149
Rixon 1966 fertilization 5 8 2.40 2.63 tC ha-1 -35 149
Rixon 1966 fertilization 5 8 2.68 2.94 tC ha-1 -35 149
Rixon 1966 irrigation 5 8 2.00 2.68 tC ha-1 -35 149
Rixon 1966 irrigation 5 8 2.00 2.40 tC ha-1 -35 149
Robertson et al. 1993 conversion
from cultivation		 17 100 0.99 1.32 %C -25.7 150.9
Russell 1960 fertilization 34 10 14.81 28.08 tC ha-1 -36 140
Russell 1960 fertilization 38 10 14.81 21.82 tC ha-1 -36 140
Russell 1960 fertilization 31 10 14.81 26.38 tC ha-1 -36 140
Russell 1960 fertilization 39 10 14.81 26.82 tC ha-1 -36 140
Russell 1960 fertilization 31 10 14.81 25.21 tC ha-1 -36 140
Russell 1960 fertilization 33 10 14.81 20.50 tC ha-1 -36 139.9
Russell 1960 fertilization 39 10 14.81 25.32 tC ha-1 -36 140
Skjemstad et al. 1994 conversion 12 15 37.19 52.2 tC ha-1 -25.7 151
Skjemstad et al. 1994 conversion
from cultivation		 12 15 41.91 52.2 tC ha-1 -25.7 151
Skjemstad et al. 1994 conversion
from cultivation		 12 15 36.84 52.2 tC ha-1 -25.7 150.9
Watson 1963 legume sown 6 10 4.59 4.88 %C -34 117.5
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 20 0.58 1.19 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 6 1.19 1.9 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 24 1.03 2.10 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 26 1.92 2.82 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 10 1.5 2.17 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 10 0.93 1.79 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 20 1.01 1.94 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 11 1.59 2.2 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 26 1.27 2.45 %C -34 148
Williams and Donald
1957		 fertilization 22 1.22 1.77 %C -34 148
Brazil
Boddey et al. 1995 grazing 5 15 1.1 1.5 %C -16.7 -39
Boddey et al. 1995 legume sown 5 15 1.1 1.4 %C -16.7 -39
Cadish et al. 1996 conversion 18 15 2.42 1.72 %C -39 -13
Cantarutti et al. 1995 legume sown 8 30 50.2 55.3 tC ha-1 -16.8 -39
Cantarutti et al. 1995 legume sown 8 30 54.5 47.5 tC ha-1 -16.8 -39
Cantarutti et al. 1995 legume sown 8 30 52.3 48.6 tC ha-1 -16.8 -39
Cerri et al. 1991 conversion 3 20 73.1 58.8 tC ha-1 -2 -60.6
Desjardins et al. 1994 conversion 10 20 48.05 44.78 tC ha-1 -1.7 -47.5
Eden et al. 1990 conversion 3 10 1.21 1.8 %C 3.8 -61.4
Eden et al. 1990 conversion 15 10 1.21 1.65 %C 3.8 -61.4
Falesi 1976 conversion 10 20 0.68 0.54 %C -2.98 -47.5
Falesi 1976 conversion 11 20 1.13 0.58 %C -12 -53.5
Feigl et al. 1995 conversion 2 10 15.96 16.56 tC ha-1 -10 -63.5
Feigl et al. 1995 conversion 4 10 15.96 26.69 tC ha-1 -10 -63.5
Feigl et al. 1995 conversion 8 10 15.96 21.0 tC ha-1 -10 -63.5
Feigl et al. 1995 conversion 12 10 15.96 19.88 tC ha-1 -10 -63.5
Feigl et al. 1995 conversion 19 10 15.96 21.92 tC ha-1 -10 -63.5
Feigl et al. 1995 conversion 80 10 15.96 29.19 tC ha-1 -10 -63.5
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 7 30 62.0 61.0 tC ha-1 -9 -64
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 8 30 39.3 32.1 tC ha-1 -10.5 -63.5
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 3 30 27.4 39.7 tC ha-1 -10.5 -63.5
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 5 30 27.4 36.5 tC ha-1 -10.5 -63.5
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 20 30 27.4 39.2 tC ha-1 -10.5 -63.5
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 8 30 29.7 38.5 tC ha-1 -11.3 -63.2
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 20 30 29.7 44.6 tC ha-1 -11.3 -63.2
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 8 30 48.1 45.6 tC ha-1 -11.3 -63.2
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 20 30 48.1 51.5 tC ha-1 -11.3 -632.
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 7 30 50.4 47.6 tC ha-1 -12.5 -60.2
Neill et al. 1997 conversion 12 30 50.4 54.3 tC ha-1 -12.5 -60.2
Trumbore et al.
1995		 conversion 23 800 257 300 tC ha-1 -3.0 -47.5
Trumbore et al.
1995		 fertilization 5 800 300 284 tC ha-1 -3.0 -47.5
Canada
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 3.03 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 3.64 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 3.48 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 2.99 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 2.63 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 2.73 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 3.03 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 2.94 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 2.75 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 2.88 %C 45.92 -66.6
Belanger et al. 1999 fertilization 35 15 3.37 4.35 %C 45.92 -66.6
Dormaar et al. 1977 grazing 24 10 9.03 9.51 %C 50 -114
Dormaar et al. 1977 grazing 45 10 1.37 1.87 %C 49.6 -110
Dormaar and Willms
1990		 grazing 19 2 2.7 1.4 %C 49.6 -112.6
Dormaar et al. 1990 grazing 19 10 10.4 10.4 %C 50 -114
Dormaar et al. 1990 grazing 19 10 10.4 8.1 %C 50 -114
Johnston et al. 1971 grazing 17 10 11.71 10.74 %C 50 -114
Johnston et al. 1971 grazing 17 10 11.71 11.23 %C 50 -114
Johnston et al. 1971 grazing 17 10 11.71 9.68 %C 50 -114
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 40.8 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 42.8 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 39.9 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 60.9 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 39.0 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 53.4 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 51.9 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Moulin2 fertilization 12 15 31.5 61.3 tC ha-1 52.8 -105
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 13 10 30.0 40.0 tC ha-1 53 -111
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 13 10 30.0 52.5 tC ha-1 53 -111
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 34 10 67.5 60.0 tC ha-1 50 -114
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 34 10 67.5 62.5 tC ha-1 50 -114
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 34 10 67.5 55.0 tC ha-1 50 -114
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 21 10 27.5 25.0 tC ha-1 51 -112
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 13 10 30.0 45.0 tC ha-1 53 -111
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 13 10 30.0 42.5 tC ha-1 53 -111
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 21 10 27.5 32.5 tC ha-1 51 -112
Naeth et al. 1991 grazing 34 10 67.5 55.0 tC ha-1 50 -114
Nyborg et al. 1999 fertilization 12 30 89.18 93.07 tC ha-1 53.4 -106.5
Smoliak et al. 1972 grazing 19 10 13.97 14.85 tC ha-1 49.6 -110
Smoliak et al. 1972 grazing 19 10 13.97 17.67 tC ha-1 49.6 -110
Smoliak et al. 1972 grazing 19 10 13.97 14.38 tC ha-1 49.6 -110
China
Chuluun et al. 1999 grazing 20 6 7.85 10.99 tC ha-1 110 43.7
Wang and Chen 1998 grazing 16 100 61.92 62.23 tC ha-1 116.5 43.6
Wang and Chen 1998 grazing 17 50 30.67 31.23 tC ha-1 116.5 43.7
Wang and Chen 1998 grazing 7 100 34.99 37.41 tC ha-1 116.6 43.6
Columbia
Escobar and Toriatti
1991		 conversion 15 100 166.5 120 tC ha-1 1.7 -75.6
Fisher et al. 1994 legume sown 9 100 222.8 267.7 tC ha-1 4.6 -71
Fisher et al. 1994 grass sown 9 100 197 222.8 tC ha-1 4.2 -72.7
Fisher et al. 1994 grass sown 4 100 186.5 237.2 tC ha-1 4.6 -71.3
Guggenberger et al. 1995 grass sown 15 6.62 8.10 %C 4.6 -71.3
Guggenberger et al. 1995 legume 15 8.10 7.79 %C 4.6 -71.3
Rao et al. 1994 legume sown 11 60 1.79 1.82 %C 4.6 -71.3
Costa Rica
Reiners et al. 1994 conversion 35 10 14.41 14.12 tC ha-1 10.4 -84
Reiners et al. 1994 conversion 30 10 28.17 16.47 tC ha-1 10.4 -84
Reiners et al. 1994 conversion 30 10 19.65 15.69 tC ha-1 10.4 -84
Veldkamp 1994 conversion 25 65 124.5 102.7 tC ha-1 10 -83.3
Veldkamp 1994 conversion 25 65 74.0 72.5 tC ha-1 10 -83.3
France
Loiseau and Grignani
1991		 fertilization 15 30 212 182 tC ha-1 45.6 6.1
Mexico
Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994 conversion 1 6 12.3 13.9 tC ha-1 20.3 -105.1
Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994 conversion 3 6 12.3 16.2 tC ha-1 20.3 -105.1
Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994 conversion 7 6 12.3 10.7 tC ha-1 20.3 -105.1
Garcia-Oliva et al. 1994 conversion 11 6 12.3 11.5 tC ha-1 20.31 -105.1
Netherlands
Hassink 1994 fertilization 2 10 2.09 2.00 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 fertilization 2 10 2.10 1.85 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 fertilization 2 10 2.10 2.48 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 fertilization 3 10 3.10 3.05 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 fertilization 9 10 4.70 5.31 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 fertilization 9 10 5.23 5.41 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 grazing 2 10 1.85 2.64 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 grazing 2 10 1.88 2.00 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 grazing 3 10 2.98 3.05 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 grazing 9 10 5.40 5.31 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 grazing 9 10 5.23 4.70 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 conversion
from cultivation		 9 10 2.14 3.15 %C 6.1 52.2
Hassink 1994 conversion
from cultivation		 9 10 1.74 2.96 %C 6.1 52.1
New Zealand
Fraser et al. 1994 conversion
from cultivation		 11 20 2.10 2.89 %C -43.7 171.5
Goh et al. 1977 conversion 35 15 5.7 5.8 tC ha-1 -41.5 175.5
Hart et al. 1988 conversion
from cultivation		 10 30 87.00 110.71 tC ha-1 -41.5 175.5
Haynes and Swift 1990 conversion
from cultivation		 9 15 2.93 3.67 %C -43.4 172.3
Haynes and Williams
1992		 fertilization 37 20 4.04 4.15 %C -43.7 171.5
Jackman 1964 conversion 50 30 44.58 63.89 tC ha-1 -40.2 175.5
Jackman 1964 conversion 30 30 35.69 57.94 tC ha-1 -39.6 176.8
Jackman 1964 conversion 30 30 35.75 51.35 tC ha-1 -37.8 175.2
Jackman 1964 conversion 20 30 65.84 93.54 tC ha-1 -39.4 174.2
Jackman 1964 conversion 40 30 74.54 109.94 tC ha-1 -39.4 174.2
Jackman 1964 conversion 50 30 51.02 89.46 tC ha-1 -35.5 173.8
Jackman 1964 conversion 50 30 53.99 70.91 tC ha-1 -37 175.9
Jackman 1964 conversion 20 30 45.15 66.39 tC ha-1 -38.8 177.6
Jackman 1964 conversion 30 30 30.42 52.64 tC ha-1 -38.1 176.1
Jackman 1964 conversion 50 30 67.59 72.55 tC ha-1 -45.1 171
Lambert et al. 1996 fertilization 20 8 4.93 5.86 %C -41 176
Lambert et al. 1996 fertilization 20 8 4.99 4.93 %C -41 176
Lambert et al. 1996 fertilization 20 8 4.99 5.86 %C -41 176
McIntosh et al. 1994 fertilization 14 10 3.3 5.5 %C -44.5 170.4
Metson and Hurst 1953 fertilization 4 8 3.2 4.2 %C -43.4 172.3
Metson and Hurst 1953 fertilization 4 8 3.2 4.0 %C -43.4 172.3
Metson and Hurst 1953 fertilization 4 8 3.2 3.1 %C -43.4 172.3
Metson and Hurst 1953 fertilization 4 8 3.2 3.1 %C -43.4 172.3
Ngueyn and Goh 1990 fertilization 15 8 3.63 3.88 %C -43.5 172
Ross et al. 1995 fertilization 21 20 6.0 6.5 %C -40.3 175.6
Ross et al. 1982a conversion
from cultivation		 8 5 3.6 7.8 %C -37.8 175.1
Ross et al. 1982a conversion
from cultivation		 10 5 5.9 10.1 %C -37.6 175
Ross et al. 1982b fertilization 20 5 4.6 3.8 %C -43.9 172
Ross et al. 1982b fertilization 20 5 5.6 6.8 %C -43.9 171.9
Ross and Hughes 1985 conversion
from cultivation		 3 5 17.69 17.98 tC ha-1 -40.7 175.6
Sarathchandra et al. 1988 fertilization 20 8 8.92 9.73 %C -38 175.5
Saunders 1956 fertilization 7 20 10.91 11.25 %C -39.7 174.5
Saunders 1956 fertilization 20 30 10.91 9.68 %C -39.7 174.5
Sparling 1992 fertilization 35 20 3.58 3.1 %C -41.1 175.3
Speir and Ross 1983 fertilization 3 8 8.2 8.7 %C -42 172
Speir and Ross 1983 fertilization 5 8 8.2 13 %C -42 172
Stockdill 1982 earthworms 10 30 64.9 94.9 tC ha-1 -45.9 170.2
Stockdill 1982 earthworms 10 30 68.5 85.5 tC ha-1 -45.8 170.3
Stout and Goh 1980 earthworms 59 88.66 89.13 tC ha-1 -41 176
Walker et al. 1959 fertilization 25 20 42.7 44.95 tC ha-1 -39 176.3
Saudi Arabia
Abulfaith et al. 1989 grazing 5 5 0.37 1.00 %C 18.0 42.6
Abulfaith et al. 1989 grazing 5 5 0.68 0.86 %C 18.0 42.6
Tanzania
Belsky 1986 grazing 18 5 6.2 6.1 %C -3 34.9
Uganda
Hatton and Smart 1984 grazing 24 10 3.73 4.43 %C -3.0 31.9
UK
Adams 1982 fertilization 12 3.8 4.2 %C 54.6 -5.9
Adams 1982 fertilization 12 3.8 4.1 %C 54.6 -5.9
Adams 1982 fertilization 12 3.8 4.6 %C 54.6 -5.9
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 59.48 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 79.02 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 81.10 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 82.69 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 72.14 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 78.03 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 74.14 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 61.82 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Arnold et al. 1976 fertilization 57 15 70.73 93.91 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Bardgett et al. 1993 grazing 2 6 36.89 35.70 tC ha-1 54.3 -2.5
Bardgett et al. 1993 grazing 2 6 40.58 40.07 tC ha-1 54.3 -2.5
Bardgett et al. 1993 grazing 2 6 43.64 46.63 tC ha-1 54.3 -2.5
Bardgett et al. 1997 grazing 37 5 62.0 83.2 tC ha-1 53.1 -4
Bardgett et al. 1997 grazing 37 5 99.6 130.4 tC ha-1 53.1 -4
Chaney and Swift 1986 conversion
from cultivation		 20 3.6 9.5 %C 55.7 -3.4
Clement and Williams
1964		 conversion
from cultivation		 6 15 1.24 1.97 %C 51.5 -1
Johnston et al. 1980 fertilization 200 23 1.33 3.71 %C 52 -0.2
Lovell et al. 1995 fertilization 10 10 56.02 51.99 tC ha-1 51.8 -3.8
Lovell et al. 1995 fertilization 10 10 56.02 54.30 tC ha-1 51.8 -3.8
Lovell et al. 1995 fertilization 10 10 56.02 58.98 tC ha-1 51.8 -3.8
Lovell et al. 1995 fertilization 10 10 56.02 60.17 tC ha-1 51.8 -3.8
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 11 42.92 42.34 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 31 9.28 11.60 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 31 17.98 26.68 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 31 25.52 14.5 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 17 55.10 55.10 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 18 35.38 35.38 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 20 54.42 51.04 %C 55 -2.5
Marrs et al. 1989 grazing 20 20 53.94 54.52 %C 55 -2.5
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 1.33 3.92 %C 55.8 -3.4
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 1.92 4.35 %C 55.8 -3.4
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 2.15 5.83 %C 55.8 -3.4
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 1.96 3.40 %C 55.8 -3.4
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 2.14 5.56 %C 55.8 -3.4
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 2.40 4.65 %C 55.8 -3.4
McLaren and Swift 1977 conversion
from cultivation		 50 15 2.35 3.35 %C 55.8 -3.4
Pain et al. 1977 fertilization 1 15 1.45 1.28 %C 51.4 0
Pain et al. 1977 fertilization 1 15 1.45 1.39 %C 51.4 0
Pain et al. 1977 fertilization 1 15 1.45 1.97 %C 51.4 0
Pringle and Coutts 1956 legume 2 15 2.41 2.64 %C 57.3 -2
Pringle and Coutts 1956 grass sown 2 15 2.59 2.79 %C 57.3 -2
Pringle and Coutts 1956 legume 2 15 2.79 2.57 %C 57.3 -2
Rawes 1981 grazing 18 10 8.00 8.53 %C 55 -2.5
Rawes 1981 grazing 18 10 32.77 13.75 %C 55 -2.5
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.60 3.76 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.60 3.06 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.76 3.87 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.60 3.10 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.76 3.46 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.60 2.97 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.60 2.70 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.60 3.91 %C 52 -0.2
Richardson 1938 fertilization 60 20 3.76 3.58 %C 52 -0.2
Shiel 1986 fertilization 87 33 91.29 119.7 tC ha-1 55 -1.5
Whitehead et al. 1975 conversion
from cultivation		 17 15 1.73 4.77 %C 51 -1
Whitehead et al. 1975 conversion
from cultivation		 100 15 0.95 4.77 %C 51 -1
USA
Bauer et al. 1987 grazing 75 46 96.92 90.77 tC ha-1 46 -101
Bauer et al. 1987 grazing 75 46 85.39 65.39 tC ha-1 46 -101
Bauer et al. 1987 grazing 75 46 109.23 97.69 tC ha-1 46 -101
Brown and Schuster 1969 grazing 100 25 83.13 78.46 tC ha-1 32.6 -100.9
Burke et al. 1995 conversion from cultivation 53 10 8.23 9.87 tC ha-1 40.6 -105.1
Dodds et al. 1996 conversion
from cultivation		 54 100 0.48 1.25 %C 31.5 -96
Drew 1947 grazing 125 15 2.26 2.30 %C 39 -92.5
Frank et al. 1995 grazing 65 107 141 117 tC ha-1 46.8 -105.8
Frank et al. 1995 grazing 65 107 141 140 tC ha-1 46.8 -105.8
Franzluebbers et al.
1999		 grass sown 8 30 32.9 33.0 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers et al.
1999		 grass sown 15 30 45.7 44.2 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers et al.
1999		 grass sown 15 30 49.5 45.6 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers et al.
1999		 fertilization 15 30 44.2 45.6 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers et al.
1999		 fertilization 15 30 49.5 45.6 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers et al.
2000		 grazing 19 20 38.6 39.5 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers et al.
2000		 grazing 15 20 29.2 37.9 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers3 conversion
from cultivation		 3 6 12.7 18.2 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers3 conversion
from cultivation		 3 6 13.8 14.9 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers3 conversion
from cultivation		 3 6 12.9 17.6 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Franzluebbers3 conversion
from cultivation		 3 6 14.2 15.6 tC ha-1 33.6 -83.3
Gardner 1950 grazing 30 13 0.58 0.70 %C 32.8 -108.3
Gebhart et al. 1994 conversion from cultivation 5 300 82.9 86.2 tC ha-1 39.8 -101.1
Gebhart et al. 1994 conversion from cultivation 5 300 36.4 37.7 tC ha-1 32.3 -101.5
Gebhart et al. 1994 conversion from cultivation 5 300 98 112.8 tC ha-1 39.5 -101
Gebhart et al. 1994 conversion from cultivation 5 300 37 39.8 tC ha-1 32.5 -102.8
Gebhart et al. 1994 conversion from cultivation 5 300 45 50.3 tC ha-1 43 -101
Jastrow and Lussenhop 1998 conversion form cultivation 10 30 38.3 49.7 tC ha-1 42 -87
Kelting 1954 grazing 23 46 0.87 1.01 %C 35.3 -97.4
Long et al. 1975 fertilization 3 80 0.27 0.37 %C 32.6 -85.5
Manley et al. 1995 grazing 11 30 36.03 42.31 tC ha-1 41.8 -105
Manley et al. 1995 grazing 11 30 36.03 38.08 tC ha-1 41.8 -105
Manley et al. 1995 grazing 11 30 36.03 38.08 tC ha-1 41.8 -105
Manley et al. 1995 grazing 11 30 36.03 42.05 tC ha-1 41.8 -105
Milchunas et al. 1998 grazing 1 10 2.2 2.1 %C 40.8 -104.8
Milchunas et al. 1998 grazing 1 20 1.21 1.06 %C 40.8 -104.8
Mugiwra 1976 fertilization 3 90 1.02 1.29 %C 34.7 -86.7
Mugiwra 1976 fertilization 3 90 1.02 1.58 %C 34.7 -86.7
Mugiwra 1976 fertilization 3 90 1.02 2.04 %C 34.7 -86.7
Mugiwra 1976 fertilization 3 90 1.02 1.15 %C 34.7 -86.7
Mugiwra 1976 fertilization 3 90 1.02 1.11 %C 34.7 -86.7
Potter et al. 1999 conversion from cultivation 6 120 169.7 184.8 tC ha-1 31.0 -97.5
Potter et al. 1999 conversion from cultivation 26 120 139.4 154.5 tC ha-1 31.0 -97.5
Potter et al. 1999 conversion from cultivation 60 120 139.4 160.6 tC ha-1 31.0 -97.5
Rasmussen & Brotherson
1986		 grazing 27 20 0.12 0.17 %C 37.1 -112.5
Reeder et al. 1998 conversion from cultivation 4 28 25.8 30.7 tC ha-1 42.75 -104.5
Reeder et al. 1998 conversion from cultivation 4 28 25.8 35.1 tC ha-1 42.75 -104.5
Reeder et al. 1998 conversion from cultivation 4 28 51.4 50.7 tC ha-1 44.93 -105.8
Reeder et al. 1998 conversion from cultivation 4 28 51.4 52.0 tC ha-1 44.93 -105.8
Reeder et al. 1998 fertilization 4 28 30.7 35.11 tC ha-1 44.93 -105.8
Rummell 1951 grazing 40 46 2.44 1.94 %C 46.5 -120.8
Schuman et al. 1999 grazing 12 90 88.15 101.27 tC ha-1 41.8 -105
Schuman et al. 1999 grazing 12 90 88.15 91.94 tC ha-1 41.8 -105
Schwab et al. 1990 fertilization 20 60 15.76 18.03 %C 36.5 -96.2
Schwab et al. 1990 fertilization 20 60 15.76 17.40 %C 36.5 -96
Schwab et al. 1990 fertilization 20 60 15.76 17.55 %C 36.5 -96
Wood and Blackburn 1984 grazing 20 3 19.29 19.29 tC ha-1 33.5 -99
Wood and Blackburn 1984 grazing 20 3 14.11 23.69 tC ha-1 33.5 -99
Wood and Blackburn 1984 grazing 20 3 14.11 21.40 tC ha-1 33.5 -99
Wood and Blackburn 1984 grazing 20 3 14.11 25.52 tC ha-1 33.5 -99
Wood and Blackburn 1984 grazing 20 3 14.11 17.17 tC ha-1 33.5 -99
Wood and Blackburn 1984 grazing 20 3 14.11 13.57 tC ha-1 33.5 -99.2
Zimbabwe
King and Campbell 1994 conversion 33 50 4.01 3.57 %C -18.1 31.5

1 Soil C values in tC ha yr-1 were either given in the article as tC ha-1 yr-1 or were derived from percent soil C and bulk density.

2 Data from Moulin A. P., D. H. McCartney, S. Bittnam, and W. F. Nuttall. Long-term effects of fertilizer on soil carbon in a pasture soil. (In preparation)

3 Franzluebbers AJ, Stuedemann JA, Knapp SW, Seman DH. 1999. Carbon budgets of grazed and ungrazed bermudagrass in the Southern Piedmont USA. Agronomy Abstracts.

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