Ecological Archives --A2
Jessy Loranger, Sebastian T. Meyer, Bill Shipley, Jens Kattge, Hannah Loranger, Christiane Roscher, and Wolfgang W. Weisser. 2012. Predicting invertebrate herbivory from plant traits: evidence from 51 grassland species in experimental monocultures. Ecology 93:2674–2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0328.1
Appendix B. Detailed list of all traits considered for this manuscript with detailed references.
Table B1. List of all measured and collected plant traits from published literature, the database of the Jena Experiment and international databases to predict leaf standing herbivore damage observed in monocultures at the field site of the Jena Experiment (Germany). The traits are divided into four types of trait (the functional groups not being considered as traits) and the specific sources of each trait are stipulated as well as a detailed description of the determination of each trait.
| Name | Method | Sources |
| Functional groups | ||
| Grasses | Three groups of ecologically relevant attributes were distinguished in order to divide the species pool into functional groups focusing mainly on attributes describing the spatial and temporal complementarity of established plant individuals in the community. See Roscher et al. (2004) for details. | Roscher et al. (2004) |
| Tall herbs | Roscher et al. (2004) | |
| Small herbs | Roscher et al. (2004) | |
| Legumes | Roscher et al. (2004) | |
| Herbivore-related traits | ||
| Polyphagous acarians | Information on all types of potential invertebrate herbivores was extracted through an extensive research of published literature and by screening various online databases specialized in the documentation of host-insect interactions. Herbivores not found in Europe or feeding only on other plant parts than leaves were excluded. Information about host-herbivore specificity was also recorded (i.e. monophagous, oligophagous or polyphagous). Since polyphagous, oligophagous and total herbivores were often correlated and that there was a general lack of information for the monophagous category, the three specificity categories were summed up and only the total numbers of potential herbivores, for all groups of herbivore, were used. The total number of potential herbivores was loge-transformed for all herbivore groups to improve their distributions. The references listed here are the same for all categories for a given group of herbivores (i.e. polyphagous, oligophagous, monophagous and total). | Bacon and Rathod (1964) |
| Oligophagous acarians | ||
| Monophagous acarians | ||
| Acarian herbivores | ||
| Polyphagous aphids | Bacon and Rathod (1964); Fitter and Peat (1994); Holman (2009); Blackman and Eastop (2006); Börner (1952) |
|
| Oligophagous aphids | ||
| Monophagous aphids | ||
| Aphid herbivores | ||
| Polyphagous coleopterans | Bacon and Rathod (1964); Edmunds (2003); Fitter and Peat (1994); Hemerik et al. (2003); Böhme (2001) |
|
| Oligophagous coleopterans | ||
| Monophagous coleopterans | ||
| Coleopteran herbivores | ||
| Polyphagous dipterans | Bacon and Rathod (1964); Edmunds (2003); Fitter and Peat (1994); Pitkin et al. (2009); Stibick (2004) |
|
| Oligophagous dipterans | ||
| Monophagous dipterans | ||
| Dipteran herbivores | ||
| Polyphagous hemipterans | Bacon and Rathod (1964); Fitter and Peat (1994); Evans (2007) |
|
| Oligophagous hemipterans | ||
| Monophagous hemipterans | ||
| Hemipteran herbivores | ||
| Polyphagous lepidopterans | Bacon and Rathod (1964); Edmunds (2003); Fitter and Peat (1994); Eeles et al. (2002); Schön et al. (2002); Reinhardt et al. (2007) |
|
| Oligophagous lepidopterans | ||
| Monophagous lepidopterans | ||
| Lepidopteran herbivores | ||
| Mollusc herbivores | Koztowski et al. (2006); Buschmann et al. (2005); del-Val and Crawley (2004); Wilby and Brown (2001); Keller et al. (1999); Scheidel and Bruelheide (1999); Hill and Silvertown (1997); Rollo (1983); Dirzo (1980); Carter et al. (1979); Beyer and Saari (1978); Davidson (1976); Getz (1959); Frömming (1950a); Frömming (1950b); Frömming (1939a); Frömming (1939b); Frömming (1938); Schmid (1929) |
|
| Polyphagous orthopterans | Bacon and Rathod (1964); Fitter and Peat (1994); Ingrisch and Köhler (1998) |
|
| Oligophagous orthopterans | ||
| Orthopteran herbivores | ||
| Palatability | Ordinal variable (1–9), from poisonous to high nutritive value. Based on several plant characteristic like preference from the herbivores, protein and mineral content, period of availability for herbivores, toxicity and other defenses (based on Dierschke and Briemle 2002). | Kühn et al. (2004); Briemle et al. (2002) |
| Mowing tolerance | Ordinal variable (1–9), from intolerant to very tolerant to mowing. Based on Briemle and Ellenberg (1994) | Biolflor; Briemle et al. (2002) |
| Trampling tolerance | Ordinal variable (1–9), from intolerant to very tolerant to trampling. Based on G. Briemle's observations. | Biolflor; Briemle et al. (2002) |
| Grazing tolerance | Ordinal variable (1–9), from intolerant to very tolerant to vertebrate grazing. Based on regeneration capacity, capacity of avoiding grazing by being small, a very punctual development in spring or general unpopularity. | Kühn et al. (2004); Briemle et al. (2002) |
| Physiological traits | ||
| Secondary metabolites | ||
| Alkaloids | Information on all types of secondary metabolites was extracted through an extensive research of published literature. The present list of references enclosed all types of secondary compounds. Compounds that are found only in other plant parts than leaves were excluded. Precise information on several small different groups of compounds was collected. Those small groups were combined, i.e. summed up, together to create classes (e.g. N-containing compounds) of similar compounds, because there was not enough information to use the small groups alone. Some of the smaller groups were totally excluded (e.g. flavonoids) because many compounds of those groups have other functions than deterrence (e.g. pigmentation). The resulting traits are number of different secondary compounds of a given class of compounds that can be found in the leaves of a plant. The Silica class is a binary variable indicating only if silica bodies are found in a plant. The N-containing compounds group is the sum of all smaller groups containing nitrogen. The Aromatic compounds group is the sum of Non-phenolic oxygen heterocycles, Benzopyranoids, Tannins and Polyaromatic compounds. The Terpenoids group is the sum of Homoterpenoids, Hemiterpenoids, Diterpenoids and Triterpenoids. N-containing compounds, Aromatic compounds and Terpenoids were loge-transformed. | Raal et al. (2011); Tava et al. (2011); Veitch et al. (2011); Agerbirk et al. (2010a); Agerbirk et al. (2010b); Bostan (2010); Reynaud et al. (2010); Saviranta et al. (2010); Hu et al. (2009); Kigathi et al. (2009); Koelzer et al. (2009); Regos et al. (2009); Carlsen and Fomsgaard (2008); Hunt et al. (2008); Skladanka et al. (2009); Benedek et al. (2007); Fraisse et al. (2007); Küpeli et al. (2007); Okrslar et al. (2007); Nikolova and Gevrenova (2006); Budzianowski et al. (2005); Ramazanov (2005); Tostao et al. (2005); Jürgens and Dötterl (2004); Reichling and Galati (2004); Boland et al. (2003); Jordon-Thaden and Louda (2003); Wu et al. (2003); Bos et al. (2002); Castells et al. (2002); Cornu et al. (2001); Hegnauer (1962–2001); Laca et al. (2001); Volz and Clausen (2001); Zidorn and Stuppner (2001); Zidorn et al. (2000); Komprda et al. (1999); Kunvari et al. (1999); Dohi et al. (1998); Fons et al. (1998); Mariaca et al. (1997); Saleh and Glombitza (1997); Avato and Tava (1995); Iason et al. (1995); Buckingham (1994); Duke (1992); Miyase et al. (1992); Glasby (1991); Bicchi et al. (1990); Saadi et al. (1990); Koshino et al. (1989); Koshino et al. (1988); Kisiel and Kohlmünzer (1987); Dmitruk (1986); Kojima and Ogura (1986); Molgaard (1986); StPyrek (1985); Yoshihara et al. (1985); Jay et al. (1984); Teslov (1979); Rambeck et al. (1979); Ingham (1978); Shelyuto et al. (1978); Teslov (1976); Hultin and Torssell (1965); Davies and Ashton (1964); Ashton and Jones (1959) |
| Amines | ||
| Amides | ||
| Amino-acids | ||
| Cyanogenics | ||
| Glucosinolates | ||
| N-containing compounds | ||
| Non-phenolic oxygen heterocycles | ||
| Benzopyranoids (non-flavonoid) | ||
| Flavonoids | ||
| Tannins | ||
| Polyaromatic compounds | ||
| Simple phenols | ||
| Aromatic compounds | ||
| Homoterpenoids | ||
| Hemiterpenoids | ||
| Monoterpenoids | ||
| Sesquiterpenoids | ||
| Diterpenoids | ||
| Triterpenoids | ||
| Tetraterpenoids | ||
| Terpenoids | ||
| - | ||
| Polyacetylenes | ||
| - | ||
| Silica | ||
| Primary metabolites | ||
| Leaf nitrogen concentration | Average from different sources, including different sources from the TRY database and measurements from different years in the monocultures of the Jena Experiment. See Methods section for details on the measurements in the Jena Experiment. Loge-transformed. | Roscher et al. (2011a); Gubsch et al. (2011); Laughlin et al. (2010); Craine et al. (2009); Fortunel et al. (2009); Kattge et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Willis et al. (2009); He et al. (2008); Pakeman et al. (2008); Reich et al. (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); He et al. (2006); Kazakou et al. (2006); Wright et al. (2006); Craine et al. (2005); Han et al. (2005); Cornelissen et al. (2004); Wright et al. (2004); Quested et al. (2003); Meziane and Shipley (1999b); Cornelissen (1996); Jena-Experiment database |
| Leaf carbon concentration | Average from different sources, including different sources from the TRY database and measurements from different years in the monocultures of the Jena Experiment. See Methods section for details on the measurements in the Jena Experiment. | Roscher et al. (2011a); Gubsch et al. (2011); Laughlin et al. (2010); Fortunel et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Willis et al. (2009); He et al. (2008); Pakeman et al. (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); He et al. (2006); Kazakou et al. (2006); Craine et al. (2005); Han et al. (2005); Cornelissen et al. (2004); Quested et al. (2003); Jena-Experiment database |
| Shoot nitrogen concentration | Average from different year measurements in the Jena Experiment using the same method as for "leaf nitrogen concentration" (See Methods section) but with shoot tissue instead of leaf tissue. | Roscher et al. (2011a); Gubsch et al. (2011); Jena-Experiment database |
| Shoot carbon concentration | Average from different year measurements in the Jena Experiment using the same method as for "leaf carbon concentration" (See Methods section) but with shoot tissue instead of leaf tissue. | Roscher et al. (2011a); Gubsch et al. (2011); Jena-Experiment database |
| Leaf lignin concentration | See Methods section for details on the measurements. | Own measurements |
| Leaf cellulose concentration | See Methods section for details on the measurements. | Own measurements |
| Leaf hemicellulose concentration | See Methods section for details on the measurements. | Own measurements |
| Leaf water-soluble matter concentration | It includes simple sugars, amino-acids, peptides, water-soluble phenolics, but also some cell wall components, such as β-glucans and pectins, mucilage and some storage polysaccharides (Vansoest et al. 1991). See Methods section for details on the measurements. | Own measurements |
| Leaf primary fiber concentration | See Methods section for details on the measurements. Loge-transformed. | Own measurements |
| Relative growth rate | Average from several different sources, including different sources from the TRY database, as the maximum relative growth rate of the seedling (g of new biomass/g of total biomass/day). 15 values have been imputed (see Appendix C for details). | Kazakou et al. (2006); Vile (2005); Shipley (2002); McKenna and Shipley (1999); Meziane and Shipley (1999a); Cornelissen (1996); Grime and Hunt (1975); Elias and Chadwick (1979); Fitter and Peat (1994) |
| Leaf phosphorus concentration | Average from different sources, including different sources from the TRY database and measurements in the monocultures of the Jena Experiment. See Methods section for details on the measurements in the Jena Experiment. Six values have been imputed (see Appendix C for details). | Roscher et al. (2011b); Laughlin et al. (2010); Fortunel et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); He et al. (2008); Pakeman et al. (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); He et al. (2006); Kazakou et al. (2006); Han et al. (2005); Cornelissen (1996) |
| Morphological traits | ||
| SLA | Specific leaf area. Average from different sources including different sources from the TRY database and measurements from different years in the monocultures of the Jena Experiment. See Methods section for details on the measurements in the Jena Experiment. | Roscher et al. (2011a); Gubsch et al. (2011); Laughlin et al. (2010); Craine et al. (2009); Fortunel et al. (2009); Kattge et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Willis et al. (2009); He et al. (2008); Kleyer et al. (2008); Pakeman et al. (2008); Reich et al. (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); He et al. (2006); Kazakou et al. (2006); Shipley et al. (2006); Wright et al. (2006); Craine et al. (2005); Han et al. (2005); Vile (2005); Cornelissen et al. (2004); Wright et al. (2004); Quested et al. (2003); Shipley (2002); Shipley and Vu (2002); McKenna and Shipley (1999); Meziane and Shipley (1999a); Meziane and Shipley (1999b); Cornelissen (1996); Shipley (1995); Jena-Experiment database |
| Pubescence of the stem | Ordinal variable (0–4). This index of pubescence was designed based on Eggenberg and Möhl (2007), which describes all anatomical characteristics of the plants for identification without flowers. 0 = hairless, 1 = sparsely hairy to densely hairy, 2 = finely pubescent to hirsute, 3 = densely pubescent to pilosulous and 4 = piliferous to roughly hairy. The pubescences of the leaves and of the stem were summed to give a general value for the whole plant (0–8) and loge-transformed. | Eggenberg and Möhl (2007) |
| Pubescence of the leaves | ||
| Pubescence | ||
| Leaf dry matter content | Average from different sources within the TRY database. This is the leaf dry matter content (g of dry weight/g of fresh weight) | Laughlin et al. (2010); Fortunel et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Kleyer et al. (2008); Pakeman et al. (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); Kazakou et al. (2006); Shipley and Vu (2002) |
| Leaf distribution | Ordinal variable (1–3) representing the distribution of the leaves on the stem, averaged from two sources when conflicting. 1 = Rosette, 2 = Hemirosette, 3 = Erosulate | LEDA; Biolflor |
| Stem growth form | Percentage of erection of the stem from 0 to 100%. One value has been imputed (see Appendix C for details). | LEDA |
| Leaf sclerophylly | Ordinal variable (1–5) representing the physical strenght of the leaves, or classes of scleropylly, averaged from two sources when conflicting. 1 = Helomorphic, 2 = Hygromorphic, 3 = Mesomorphic, 4 = Scleromorphic and 5 = Succulent | Kühn et al. (2004); Biolflor |
| Root architecture | Ordinal variable (1–3), representing the type of the root system architecture: 1 = long-living primary root system, 2 = secondary fibrous roots in addition to the primary root system, 3 = short-living primary root system with extensive secondary root system. | Roscher et al. (2004) |
| Root depth | Ordinal variable (1–5), representing the depth of the roots in the soil. 1 = up to 20cm, 2 = up to 40cm, 3 = up to 60cm, 4 = up to 100cm, 5 = >100cm | Roscher et al. (2004) |
| Seed mass | Average from several sources, including different sources from the TRY database and one from the seeds sown in the Jena experiment (see Roscher et al. (2004) for details). Loge-transformed. | Laughlin et al. (2010); Fortunel et al. (2009); Green (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Paula et al. (2009); Kleyer et al. (2008); Pakeman et al. (2008); Paula and Pausas (2008); Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); Kühn et al. (2004); Roscher et al. (2004); Otto (2002) |
| Vegetative height May | Average of the mean vegetative plant height at the end of May 2003–2004. | Jena-Experiment database |
| Vegetative height August | Average of the mean vegetative plant height at the end of August 2003–2004. | Jena-Experiment database |
| Maximum height | Theoretical value of the maximum plant height. From an identification book and the LEDA database. | LEDA; Hegi (1906–1931) |
| Minimum height | Theoretical value of the minimum plant height. From an identification book and the LEDA database. | LEDA; Hegi (1906–1931) |
| Vegetative height spring | Measured several times over the springs 2003–2004 and averaged here, as the mean vegetative plant height in spring. More an indication of the general height over spring than a punctual variable. | Jena-Experiment database |
| Vegetative height summer | Measured several times over the summers 2003–2004 and averaged here, as the mean vegetative plant height in summer. More an indication of the general height over summer than a punctual variable. | Jena-Experiment database |
| Total height spring | Measured several times over the springs 2003–2004 and averaged here, as the mean total plant height (includes flower if higher than vegetative parts) in spring. It is more an indication of the general height over spring than a punctual variable. | Jena-Experiment database |
| Total height summer | Measured several times over the summers 2003–2004 and averaged here, as the mean total plant height (includes flower if higher than vegetative parts) in summer. It is more an indication of the general height over summer than a punctual variable. | Jena-Experiment database |
| Typical height | Average of the typical plant height over several sources within the TRY database. | Fortunel et al. (2009); Green (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2008); Paula and Pausas (2008); Garnier et al. (2007); Shipley et al. (2006); Cornelissen et al. (2004); Quested et al. (2003); Cornelissen (1996) |
| Seed shedding height | Mean seed shedding height. Three values have been imputed (see Appendix C for details). | Kleyer et al. (2008) |
| Vegetative height | Average of the mean vegetative plant height over several sources within the TRY database. Available only for few species. | Fortunel et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2009); Pakeman et al. (2008); Garnier et al. (2007) |
| Height spring | Average of "Vegetative height May", "Vegetative height spring" and "Total height spring". Gives a general value of plant height in spring in the Jena Experiment. | |
| Height summer | Average of "Vegetative height August", "Vegetative height summer" and "Total height summer". Gives a general value of plant height in summer in the Jena Experiment. | |
| Height | Average of "Typical height" and "Seed shedding height" since they were strongly correlated. Gives a general value of plant height from the TRY database. | |
| Phenological traits | ||
| Reproduction | Principal way of reproduction: 1 = principally by seeds, 2 = by seeds and vegetatively, 3 = principally vegetatively. Average from two sources when conflicting. | Fitter and Peat (1994); Biolflor |
| Leaf lifespan | Leaf lifespan or seasonality of foliage: 1 = deciduous, 2 = partly deciduous, 3 = evergreen. | Rothmaler (2002) |
| Beginning of flowering | Beginning month of the flowering period (January = 1, December = 12). Average from different identification books and database. | Biolflor; Senghas and Seybold (1996); Hegi (1906–1931) |
| End of flowering | Last month of the flowering period (January = 1, December = 12). Average from different identification books and database. | Biolflor; Senghas and Seybold (1996); Hegi (1906–1931) |
| Period of flowering | Length in month of the flowering period, calculated from "Beginning of flowering" and "End of flowering". Loge-transformed. | |
| Beginning of seed shedding | Beginning month of the seed shedding period (January = 1, December = 12). Six values have been imputed (see Appendix C for details). | LEDA |
| End of seed shedding | Last month of the seed shedding period (January = 1, December = 12). | LEDA |
| Period of seed shedding | Length in month of the seed shedding period, calculated from "Beginning of seed shedding" and "End of seed shedding". Six values have been imputed (see Appendix C for details). Loge-transformed. | |
| Flowering phase | Number of flowering phases in one year. | Biolflor |
| Longevity | Plant longevity: 1 = annual, 2 = biennial, 3 = perennial. Average from different sources. | LEDA; Biolflor; Eggenberg and Möhl (2007); Senghas and Seybold (1996) |
| Competitor | Binomial variable (y/n, 1/0). Forbs with high competitive power due to their morphological and/or physiological characters and life history traits. | Biolflor |
| Stress-tolerant | Binomial variable (y/n, 1/0). Species with only little growth and morphological and/or physiological adaptations to conditions that may be either very rare or overabundant. | Biolflor |
| Ruderal | Binomial variable (y/n, 1/0). Usually annual, weedy plant species which produce many seeds and can easily colonize pioneer habitats. | Biolflor |
Notes: "Method" gives a detailed description of how a trait has been measured or collected and how exactly it was determined. The references TRY, LEDA and Biolflor refers respectively to Kattge et al. (2011), Kleyer et al. (2008) and Klotz et al. (2002). The reference "Jena-Experiment database" refers to unpublished data measured by colleagues in the Jena Experiment. In bold are the traits used in the analysis, the other being excluded or combined.
Literature Cited
Agerbirk, N., F. S. Chew, C. E. Olsen, and K. Jorgensen. 2010a. Leaf and floral parts feeding by orange tip butterfly larvae depends on larval position but not on glucosinolate profile or nitrogen level. Journal of Chemical Ecology 36:1335–1345.
Agerbirk, N., C. E. Olsen, F. S. Chew, and M. Orgaard. 2010b. Variable glucosinolate profiles of Cardamine pratensis (Brassicaceae) with equal chromosome numbers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58:4693–4700.
Ashton, W. M. and E. Jones. 1959. Coumarin and related compounds in sweet vernal. Grass and Forage Science 14:47–54.
Avato, P. and A. Tava. 1995. Acetylenes and terpenoids of Bellis perennis. Phytochemistry 40:141–147.
Bacon, J. and B. Rathod. 1964. Biological records center: Database of Insects and their Food Plants. [http://www.brc.ac.uk/dbif/homepage.aspx]
Beyer, W. N. and D. M. Saari. 1978. Activity and ecological distribution of slug, Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud) (Stylommatophora, Arionidae). American Midland Naturalist 100:359–367.
Bicchi, C., A. Damato, C. Frattini, E. M. Cappelletti, R. Caniato, and R. Filippini. 1990. Chemical diversity of the contents from the secretory structures of Heracleum sphondylium Subsp sphondylium. Phytochemistry 29:1883–1887.
Blackman, R. L. and V. F. Eastop. 2006. Aphids on the world's herbaceous plants and shrubs. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, London, UK.
Böhme, J. 2001. Phytophage Käfer und ihre Wirtspflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Bioform, Heroldsberg, DE.
Boland, R., M. Skliar, A. Curino, and L. Milanesi. 2003. Vitamin D compounds in plants. Plant Science 164:357–369.
Börner, C. 1952. Europae centralis Aphides (Die Blattläuse Mitteleuropas). Thüringischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Weimar, DE.
Bos, R., A. Koulman, H. J. Woerdenbag, W. J. Quax, and N. Pras. 2002. Volatile components from Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. Journal of Chromatography A 966:233–238.
Bostan, C., A. Moisuc, F. Radu, L. Cojocariu, and V. Sarateanu. 2010. Study of the action of Poa pratensis L. vegetal extract on the chemical composition of some perennial grasses. Research Journal of Agricultural Science 42:367–371.
Briemle, G. and H. Ellenberg. 1994. Zur Mahdverträglichkeit von Grünlandpflanzen. Möglichkeiten der praktischen Anwendung von Zeigerwerter. Natur und Landschaft 69:139–147.
Briemle, G., S. Nitsche, and L. Nitsche. 2002. Nutzungswertzahlen für Gefässpflanzen des Grünlandes. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 38:203–225.
Buckingham, J., editor. 1994. Dictionary of natural products, 1st edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, London, UK.
Budzianowski, J., M. Morozowska, and M. Wesolowska. 2005. Lipophilic flavones of Primula veris L. from field cultivation and in vitro cultures. Phytochemistry 66:1033–1039.
Buschmann, H., M. Keller, N. Porret, H. Dietz, and P. J. Edwards. 2005. The effect of slug grazing on vegetation development and plant species diversity in an experimental grassland. Functional Ecology 19:291–298.
Carter, M. A., R. C. V. Jeffery, and P. Williamson. 1979. Food overlap in co-existing populations of the land snails Cepaea nemoralis (L) and Cepaea hortensis (Mull). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 11:169–176.
Castells, E., C. Roumet, J. Penuelas, and J. Roy. 2002. Intraspecific variability of phenolic concentrations and their responses to elevated CO2 in two mediterranean perennial grasses. Environmental and Experimental Botany 47:205–216.
Cornelissen, J. H. C. 1996. An experimental comparison of leaf decomposition rates in a wide range of temperate plant species and types. Journal of Ecology 84:573–582.
Cornelissen, J. H. C., H. M. Quested, D. Gwynn-Jones, R. S. P. Van Logtestijn, M. A. H. De Beus, A. Kondratchuk, T. V. Callaghan, and R. Aerts. 2004. Leaf digestibility and litter decomposability are related in a wide range of subarctic plant species and types. Functional Ecology 18:779–786.
Cornu, A., A. P. Carnat, B. Martin, J. B. Coulon, J. L. Lamaison, and J. L. Berdague. 2001. Solid-phase microextraction of volatile components from natural grassland plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49:203–209.
Craine, J. M., et al. 2009. Global patterns of foliar nitrogen isotopes and their relationships with climate, mycorrhizal fungi, foliar nutrient concentrations, and nitrogen availability. New Phytologist 183:980–992.
Craine, J. M., W. G. Lee, W. J. Bond, R. J. Williams, and L. C. Johnson. 2005. Environmental constraints on a global relationship among leaf and root traits of grasses. Ecology 86:12–19.
Cui, S. Y., X. L. Hu, X. G. Chen, and Z. D. Hu. 2009. CE with field-enhanced stacking for rapid and sensitive determination of umbelliferone, rutin and aesculetin in Prunella vulgaris. Chromatographia 70:1733–1736.
Davidson, D. H. 1976. Assimilation efficiencies of slugs on different food materials. Oecologia 26:267–273.
Davies, E. G. and W. M. Ashton. 1964. Coumarin and related compounds of Anthoxanthum puelii and Melilotus alba and dicoumarol formation in spoilt sweet vernal and sweet clover hay. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 15:733–738.
del-Val, E. and M. J. Crawley. 2004. Importance of tolerance to herbivory for plant survival in a British grassland. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:357–364.
Dierschke, H. and G. Briemle. 2002. Kulturgrasland: Wiesen, Weiden und verwandte Staudenfluren. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, DE.
Dirzo, R. 1980. Experimental studies on slug-plant interactions .1. The acceptability of 30 plant-species to the slug Agriolimax caruanae. Journal of Ecology 68:981–998.
Dmitruk, S. I. 1986. Coumarins of Prunella vulgaris. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii 4:510–511.
Dohi, H., K. Mizuno, and A. Yamada. 1998. Leaf-surface chemicals of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) varieties with different palatabilities. Grassland science 44:189–192.
Duke, J. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
Edmunds, R. 2003. British leafminers. [http://www.leafmines.co.uk/]
Eeles, P., G. Padfield, and G. Richardson. 2002. UK Butterflies. [http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/ contact.php]
Eggenberg, S. and A. Möhl. 2007. Flora Vegetativa: Ein Bestimmungsbuch für Pflanzen der Schweiz im blütenlosen Zustand. Haupt Verlag, Bern, CH.
Elias, C. O. and T. J. Chadwick. 1979. Growth characteristics of grass and legume cultivars and their potential for land reclamation. Journal of Applied Ecology 16:537–544.
Ennos, A. R., J. W. Hunt, A. P. Dean, R. E. Webster, and G. N. Johnson. 2008. A novel mechanism by which silica defends grasses against herbivory. Annals of Botany 102:653–656.
Evans, G. A. 2007. Host plant list of the whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) of the world. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA.
Fitter, A. H. and H. J. Peat. 1994. The Ecological flora database. Journal of Ecology 82:415–425.
Fomsgaard, I. S. and S. C. K. Carlsen. 2008. Biologically active secondary metabolites in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) - a review focusing on contents in the plant, plant-pest interactions and transformation. Chemoecology 18:129–170.
Fons, F., S. Rapior, A. Gargadennec, C. Andary, and J. M. Bessiere. 1998. Volatile components of Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Acta Botanica Gallica 145:265–269.
Fortunel, C., et al. 2009. Leaf traits capture the effects of land use changes and climate on litter decomposability of grasslands across Europe. Ecology 90:598–611.
Fraisse, D., A. Carnat, D. Viala, P. Pradel, J.M. Besle, J. B. Coulon, C. Felgines, and J. L. Lamaison. 2007. Polyphenolic composition of a permanent pasture: Variations related to the period of harvesting. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87:2427–2435.
Frode, T. S., J. Koelzer, D. A. Pereira, J. B. Dalmarco, and M. G. Pizzolatti. 2009. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Lotus corniculatus. Food Chemistry 117:444–450.
Frömming, E. 1938. Untersuchungen über das Verhalten der Weinbergschnecke (Helix pomatia L.) gegenüber den Pflanzen, Früchten und höheren Pilzen. Archiv für molluskenkunde 70:194–201.
Frömming, E. 1939a. Kurze Beiträge zur Lebensweise einer Waldnacktschnecke (Arion subfuscus Drap.). Archiv für molluskenkunde 71:86–95.
Frömming, E. 1939b. Untersuchungen über die Nahrungsstoffe von Eulota fruticum Müller. Archiv für molluskenkunde 71:96–100.
Frömming, E. 1950a. Untersuchungen über die Farbvarietäten und die Ernährung der Nacktschnecke Arion empiricorum. Archiv für molluskenkunde 79:117–126.
Frömming, E. 1950b. Untersuchungen über die mengenmässige Nahrungsaufnahme der Weinbergschnecke Helix pomatia. Archiv für molluskenkunde 79:175–178.
Garnier, E., et al. 2007. Assessing the effects of land-use change on plant traits, communities and ecosystem functioning in grasslands: A standardized methodology and lessons from an application to 11 European sites. Annals of Botany 99:967–985.
Getz, L. L. 1959. Notes on the ecology of slugs: Arion circumscriptus,Deroceras reticulatum, and D. laeve. American Midland Naturalist 61:485–498.
Glasby, J. S. 1991. Dictionary of plants containing secondary metabolites. CRC Press, New-York, USA.
Green, W. 2009. USDA PLANTS Compilation, version 1, 09–02–02. (http://bricol.net/downloads/data/PLANTSdatabase/) NRCS: The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 1 Feb 2009). National Plant Data Center: Baton Rouge, LA 70874–74490 USA.
Grime, J. P. and R. Hunt. 1975. Relative growth rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora. Journal of Ecology 63:393–422.
Gubsch, M., N. Buchmann, B. Schmid, E. D. Schulze, A. Lipowsky, and C. Roscher. 2011. Differential effects of plant diversity on functional trait variation of grass species. Annals of Botany 107:157–169.
Han, W., J. Fang, D. Guo, and Y. Zhang. 2005. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China. New Phytologist 168:377–385.
He, J.-S., L. Wang, D. F. B. Flynn, X. Wang, W. Ma, and J. Fang. 2008. Leaf nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometry across Chinese grassland biomes. Oecologia 155:301–310.
He, J.-S., Z. Wang, X. Wang, B. Schmid, W. Zuo, M. Zhou, C. Zheng, M. Wang, and J. Fang. 2006. A test of the generality of leaf trait relationships on the Tibetan Plateau. New Phytologist 170:835–848.
Hegi, G. 1906–1931. Illustrierte flora von Mittel-Europa. Universität München, München, DE.
Hegnauer, R. 1962–2001. Chemotaxonomie der pflanzen. Chemotaxonomie der pflanzen. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, CH.
Hemerik, L., G. Gort, and L. Brussaard. 2003. Food preference of wireworms analyzed with multinomial Logit models. Journal of Insect Behavior 16:647–665.
Hill, B. H. C. and J. Silvertown. 1997. Higher-order interaction between molluscs and sheep affecting seedling numbers in grassland. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 18:587–596.
Holman, J. 2009. Host plant catalog of aphids. Springer, Berlin, DE.
Hultin, E. and K. Torssell. 1965. Alkaloid-screening of swedish plants. Phytochemistry 4:425–433.
Iason, G. R., J. Hodgson, and T. N. Barry. 1995. Variation in condensed tannin concentration of a temperate grass (Holcus lanatus) in relation to season and reproductive development. Journal of Chemical Ecology 21:1103–1112.
Ingham, J. L. 1978. Isoflavonoid and stilbene phytoalexins of genus Trifolium. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 6:217–223.
Ingrisch, S. and G. Köhler. 1998. Die heuschrecken Mitteleuropas. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg, DE.
Jay, M., D. Plenet, P. Ardouin, R. Lumaret, and P. Jacquard. 1984. Flavonoid variation in 7 tetraploid populations of Dactylis glomerata. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 12:193–198.
Jordon-Thaden, I. E. and S. A. Louda. 2003. Chemistry of Cirsium and Carduus: a role in ecological risk assessment for biological control of weeds? Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31:1353–1396.
Jurgens, A. and S. Dotterl. 2004. Chemical composition of anther volatiles in ranunculaceae: Genera-specific profiles in Anemone, Aquilegia, Caltha, Pulsatilla, Ranunculus, and Trollius species. American Journal of Botany 91:1969–1980.
Karjalainen, R. O., N. M. M. Saviranta, R. Julkunen-Tiitto, and E. Oksanen. 2010. Leaf phenolic compounds in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) induced by exposure to moderately elevated ozone. Environmental Pollution 158:440–446.
Kattge, J., et al. 2011. TRY - a global database of plant traits. Global change biology 17:2905–2935.
Kattge, J., W. Knorr, T. Raddatz, and C. Wirth. 2009. Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models. Global change biology 15:976–991.
Kazakou, E., D. Vile, B. Shipley, C. Gallet, and E. Garnier. 2006. Co-variations in litter decomposition, leaf traits and plant growth in species from a Mediterranean old-field succession. Functional Ecology 20:21–30.
Keller, M., J. Kollmann, and P. J. Edwards. 1999. Palatability of weeds from different European origins to the slugs Deroceras reticulatum Muller and Arion lusitanicus Mabille. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology 20:109–118.
Kigathi, R. N., S. B. Unsicker, M. Reichelt, J. Kesselmeier, J. Gershenzon, and W. W. Weisser. 2009. Emission of volatile organic compounds after herbivory from Trifolium pratense (L.) under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Chemical Ecology 35:1335–1348.
Kisiel, W. and S. Kohlmunzer. 1987. Ixerin-F from Crepis biennis. Planta Medica 53:390.
Kleyer, M., et al. 2008. The LEDA Traitbase: A database of life-history traits of the Northwest European flora. Journal of Ecology 96:1266–1274.
Klotz, S., I. Kühn, and W. Durka. 2002. BIOLFLOR - Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-ökologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 38:1–334.
Kojima, H. and H. Ogura. 1986. Constituents of the labiate plants .1. Triterpenoids from Prunella vulgaris. Phytochemistry 25:729–733.
Komprda, T., M. Stohandlova, J. Foltyn, J. Pozdisek, and V. Mika. 1999. Content of p-coumaric and ferulic acid in forbs with potential grazing utilization. Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 52:95–105.
Kopp, B., B. Benedek, N. Gjoncaj, and J. Saukel. 2007. Distribution of phenolic compounds in middleeuropean taxa of the Achillea millefolium L. aggregate. Chemistry & Biodiversity 4:849–857.
Koshino, H., S. I. Terada, T. Yoshihara, S. Sakamura, T. Shimanuki, T. Sato, and A. Tajimi. 1988. 3 phenolic-acid derivatives from stromata of Epichloe typhina on Phleum pratense. Phytochemistry 27:1333–1338.
Koshino, H., T. Yoshihara, S. Sakamura, T. Shimanuki, T. Sato, and A. Tajimi. 1989. A ring-B aromatic sterol from stromata of Epichloe typhina. Phytochemistry 28:771–772.
Koztowski, J., M. Zielinska, A. Pawtowska, and M. Koztowska. 2006. Susceptibility of some vegetable species to feeding of Cepaea hortensis (Müller) and Arion rufus (Linnaeus). Journal of plant protection research 46:231–239.
Kuhn, I., W. Durka, and S. Klotz. 2004. BiolFlor - A new plant-trait database as a tool for plant invasion ecology. Diversity and Distribution 10:363–365.
Kunvari, M., C. Paska, M. Laszlo, L. Orfi, I. Kovesdi, D. Eros, G. Bokonyi, G. Keri, and I. Gyurjan. 1999. Biological activity and structure of antitumor compounds from Plantago media L. Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 69:232–239.
Kupeli, E., I. I. Tatli, Z. S. Akdemir, and E. Yesilada. 2007. Estimation of antmociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity on Geranium pratense subsp finitimum and its phenolic compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114:234–240.
Laca, E. A., L. A. Shipley, and E. D. Reid. 2001. Structural anti-quality characteristics of range and pasture plants. Journal of Range Management 54:413–419.
Laughlin, D. C., J. J. Leppert, M. M. Moore, and C. H. Sieg. 2010. A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora. Functional Ecology 24:493–501.
Mariaca, R. G., T. F. H. Berger, R. Gauch, M. I. Imhof, B. Jeangros, and J. O. Bosset. 1997. Occurrence of volatile mono- and sesquiterpenoids in highland and lowland plant species as possible precursors for flavor compounds in milk and dairy products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45:4423–4434.
McKenna, M. F. and B. Shipley. 1999. Interacting determinants of interspecific relative growth: Empirical patterns and a theoretical explanation. Ecoscience 6:286–296.
Meziane, D. and B. Shipley. 1999a. Interacting components of interspecific relative growth rate: Constancy and change under differing conditions of light and nutrient supply. Functional Ecology 13:611–622.
Meziane, D. and B. Shipley. 1999b. Interacting determinants of specific leaf area in 22 herbaceous species: Effects of irradiance and nutrient availability. Plant, Cell and Environment 22:447–459.
Miyase, T., H. Kohsaka, and A. Ueno. 1992. Tragopogonosides-a-I, oleanane saponins from Tragopogon pratensis. Phytochemistry 31:2087–2091.
Molgaard, P. 1986. Food plant preferences by slugs and snails - a simple method to evaluate the relative palatability of the food plants. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14:113–121.
Nikolova, M. and R. Gevrenova. 2006. A HPLC analysis on interpopulational variations in the flavonoid composition of Veronica chamaedrys. International Journal of Botany 2:7–10.
Okrslar, V., I. Plaper, M. Kovac, A. Erjavec, T. Obermajer, A. Rebec, M. Ravnikar, and J. Zel. 2007. Saponins in tissue culture of Primula veris L. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 43:644–651.
Otto, B. 2002. Merkmale von Samen, Früchten, generativen Germinulen und generativen Diasporen. Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde 38:177–196.
Pakeman, R. J., et al. 2008. Impact of abundance weighting on the response of seed traits to climate and land use. Journal of Ecology 96:355–366.
Pakeman, R. J., J. Leps, M. Kleyer, S. Lavorel, and E. Garnier. 2009. Relative climatic, edaphic and management controls of plant functional trait signatures. Journal of Vegetation Science 20:148–159.
Paula, S., et al. 2009. Fire-related traits for plant species of the Mediterranean Basin. Ecology 90:1420.
Paula, S. and J. G. Pausas. 2008. Burning seeds: Germinative response to heat treatments in relation to resprouting ability. Journal of Ecology 96:543–552.
Pitkin, B., W. Ellis, C. Plant, and R. Edmunds. 2009. The leaf and stem mines of British flies and other insects. [http://www.ukflymines.co.uk/]
Quested, H. M., J. H. C. Cornelissen, M. C. Press, T. V. Callaghan, R. Aerts, F. Trosien, P. Riemann, D. Gwynn-Jones, A. Kondratchuk, and S. E. Jonasson. 2003. Decomposition of sub-arctic plants with differeing nitrogen economies: A functional role for hemiparasites. Ecology 84:3209–3221.
Raal, A., H. Kaur, A. Orav, E. Arak, T. Kailas, and M. Muurisepp. 2011. Content and composition of essential oils in some Asteraceae species. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences 60:55–63.
Ramazanov, N. S. 2005. Phytoecdysteroids and other biologically active compounds from plants of the genus Ajuga. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 41:361–369.
Rambeck, W., W. Oesterhelt, M. Vecchi, and H. Zucker. 1979. Occurrence of cholecalciferol in the calcinogenic plant Trisetum flavescens. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 87:743–749.
Regos, I., A. Urbanella, and D. Treutter. 2009. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from the forage legume sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57:5843–5852.
Reich, P. B., M. G. Tjoelker, K. S. Pregitzer, I. J. Wright, J. Oleksyn, and J.-L. Machado. 2008. Scaling of respiration to nitrogen in leaves, stems and roots of higher land plants. Ecology Letters 11:793–801.
Reichling, J. and E. M. Galati. 2004. Chemical constituents of the genus Pimpinella. In M. M. Jodral, editor. Illicium, Pimpinella and Foeniculum. CRC Press, Granada, ES.
Reinhardt, R., H. Sbieschne, J. Settele, U. Fischer, and G. Fiedler. 2007. Tagfalter von Sachsen. Entomofaunistischen Gesellschaft e.V., Dresden, DE.
Reynaud, A., D. Fraisse, A. Cornu, A. Farruggia, E. Pujos-Guillot, J. M. Besle, B. Martin, J. L. Lamaison, D. Paquet, M. Doreau, and B. Graulet. 2010. Variation in content and composition of phenolic compounds in permanent pastures according to botanical variation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58:5485–5494.
Rollo, C. D. 1983. Consequences of competition on the reproduction and mortality of 3 species of terrestrial slugs. Researches on Population Ecology 25:20–43.
Roscher, C., B. Schmid, N. Buchmann, A. Weigelt, and E. D. Schulze. 2011a. Legume species differ in the responses of their functional traits to plant diversity. Oecologia 165:437–452.
Roscher, C., J. Schumacher, J. Baade, W. Wilcke, G. Gleixner, W. W. Weisser, B. Schmid, and E. D. Schulze. 2004. The role of biodiversity for element cycling and trophic interactions: an experimental approach in a grassland community. Basic and Applied Ecology 5:107–121.
Roscher, C., S. Thein, A. Weigelt, V. M. Temperton, N. Buchmann, and E. D. Schulze. 2011b. N2 fixation and performance of 12 legumes species in a 6-year grassland biodiversity experiment. Plant and Soil 341:333–348.
Rothmaler, R. 2002. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. . 9th edition. Spektrum, Heidelberg, DE.
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. 2008. Seed Information Database (SID). [http://data.kew.org/sid/] (Version 7.1.).
Saadi, H., N. Handjieva, S. Popov, and L. Evstatieva. 1990. Iridoids from Plantago media. Phytochemistry 29:3938–3939.
Saleh, M. M. and K. W. Glombitza. 1997. Antifungal stress compounds from Vicia cracca. Phytochemistry 45:701–703.
Scheidel, U. and H. Bruelheide. 1999. Selective slug grazing on montane meadow plants. Journal of Ecology 87:828–838.
Schmid, G. 1929. Pflanzen und Schnecken. Archiv für molluskenkunde 61:146–176.
Schön, W., E. Rennwald, and J. Rodeland. 2002. Lepiforum e.V. [http://www.lepiforum.de/]
Senghas, K. and S. Seybold. 1996. Flora von Deutschland und angrenzender Länder. Quelle & Meyer Verlag GmbH & Co., Wiesbaden, DE.
Shelyuto, V. L., V. I. Glyzin, G. N. Yurchenko, and L. P. Smirnova. 1978. Flavonoids from the flowers of Cirsium oleraceum. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii 3:400.
Shipley, B. 1995. Structured interspecific determinants of specific leaf area in 34 Species of herbaceous angiosperms. Functional Ecology 9:312–319.
Shipley, B. 2002. Trade-offs between net assimilation rate and specific leaf area in determining relative growth rate: Relationship with daily irradiance. Functional Ecology 16:682–689.
Shipley, B., D. Vile, and E. Garnier. 2006. From plant traits to plant communities: A statistical mechanistic approach to biodiversity. Science 314:812–814.
Shipley, B. and T.-T. Vu. 2002. Dry matter content as a measure of dry matter concentration in plants and their parts. New Phytologist 153:359–364.
Skladanka, J., V. Dohnal, P. Dolezal, A. Jezkova, and L. Zeman. 2009. Factors affecting the content of ergosterol and zearalenone in selected grass species at the end of the growing season. Acta Veterinaria Brno 78:353–360.
Stibick, J. N. L. 2004. Natural enemies of true fruit flies (Tephritidae). United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, USA.
Stpyrek, J. 1985. Terpenes of Compositae plants .13. Sesquiterpene lactones ofCichorium intybus and Leontodon autumnalis. Phytochemistry 24:186–188.
Tava, A., C. Scotti, and P. Avato. 2010. Biosynthesis os saponins in the genus Medicago. Phytochemistry reviews 10:459–469.
Teslov, L. S. 1976. Flavone biosides of Campanula patula. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii 3:390–391.
Teslov, L. S. 1979. Triterpene compounds of Campanula patula. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii 4:582–583.
Tostao, M., J. P. Noronha, E. J. Cabrita, J. Medeiros, J. Justino, J. Bermejo, and A. P. Rauter. 2005. A novel pentacyclic triterpene from Leontodon filii. Fitoterapia 76:173–180.
Vansoest, P. J., J. B. Robertson, and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74:3583–3597.
Veitch, N. C., I. Regos, G. C. Kite, and D. Treutter. 2011. Acylated flavonol glycosides from the forage legume, Onobrychis viciifolia (sainfoin). Phytochemistry 72:423–429.
Vile, D. 2005. Significations fonctionnelle et ecologique des traits des especes vegetales: exemple dans une succession post-cultural mediterranéenne et generalisations, PhD thesis, Université de Sherbrooke and Université Montpellier II.
Volz, T. J. and T. P. Clausen. 2001. Tannins in Puccinellia arctica: Possible deterrents to herbivory by Canada geese. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27:725–732.
Wilby, A. and V. K. Brown. 2001. Herbivory, litter and soil disturbance as determinants of vegetation dynamics during early old-field succession under set-aside. Oecologia 127:259–265.
Willis, S. G., C. D. Thomas, J. K. Hill, Y. C. Collingham, M. G. Telfer, R. Fox, and B. Huntley. 2009. Dynamic distribution modelling: Predicting the present from the past. Ecography 32:5–12.
Wright, I. J., P. B. Reich, O. K. Atkin, C. H. Lusk, M. G. Tjoelker, and M. Westoby. 2006. Irradiance, temperature and rainfall influence leaf dark respiration in woody plants: Evidence from comparisons across 20 sites. New Phytologist 169:309–319.
Wright, I. J., et al. 2004. The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature 428:821–827.
Wu, Q. L., M. F. Wang, and J. E. Simon. 2003. Determination of isoflavones in red clover and related species by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. Journal of Chromatography A 1016:195–209.
Yoshihara, T., S. Togiya, H. Koshino, S. Sakamura, T. Shimanuki, T. Sato, and A. Tajimi. 1985. 3 fungitoxic cyclopentanoid sesquiterpenes from stromata of Epichloe typhina. Tetrahedron Letters 26:5551–5554.
Zidorn, C., E. P. Ellmerer-Muller, K. H. Ongania, S. Sturm, and H. Stuppner. 2000. New taxonomically significant sesquiterpenoids from Leontodon autumnalis. Journal of Natural Products 63:812–816.
Zidorn, C. and H. Stuppner. 2001. Evaluation of chemosystematic characters in the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae). Taxon 50:115–133.